威布尔分布计算充填采矿地表变形

为了准确分析采矿引起的地表沉陷变形对地表高压供电线路的影响,采用威布尔(Weibull)分布法计算地表下沉与偏斜值的大小。威布尔分布法计算充填采矿地表变形能够将地表变形的多个参数用于计算,并且函数便于用MATLAB编程处理。通过冀东一个铁矿的计算实例说明,采用充填采矿法控制地表变形后高压供电线路能够安全运行,该计算方法能够满足工程计算需要。     

基于多级模糊综合评价法的煤矿企业应急能力评价研究

煤矿企业应急能力的建设是煤矿企业安全管理的关键内容,为了提高煤矿企业应急能力水平,选取并设计了煤矿企业应急能力的评价指标体系,基于多级模糊综合评价法提出了煤矿企业应急能力的评价方法。采用层次分析法确定煤炭企业应急能力评价指标的权重,利用模糊数学方法对煤矿企业应急能力进行多级模糊综合评价。应用构建的煤矿企业应急能力评价指标体系对淮南市某煤矿企业进行综合评价,确定该企业的应急能力等级。研究结果对提升煤矿企业应急能力具有一定的参考价值。     

Toxic mercury versus appropriate technology: Artisanal gold miners’ retort aversion

Mercury-usage in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has accelerated in developing countries during the last thirty years resulting in negative environmental and health impacts. As awareness of mercury contamination from ASGM has grown, a number of strategic initiatives have been introduced to reduce the impact of the toxic substance. The adoption of the retort, a device capable of recycling up to 95 per cent of mercury in gold extraction, constitutes a broadly recognized approach. Based on case-study research in Tanzania, this paper examines an ASGM area, which has been targeted by several mercury-reducing efforts. Based on survey data, key informants interviews, and visitor observations, the paper examines the impact of these efforts on mining techniques and residents’ attitudes towards the use of mercury. Despite the seemingly obvious advantages from adopting retorts or other mercury-reducing techniques – economic, environmental, and health-wise – miners continue to use mercury haphazardly, while demonstrating an only limited awareness of the toxicity of the substance. The paper discusses the possible explanations behind this as well as possible ways forward in facilitating the reduction of mercury in ASGM operations.     

The public good dilemma of a non-renewable common resource: A look at the facts of artisanal gold mining

Millions of people worldwide are involved in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Many of them live in conditions of poverty and insalubrities due to the mercury amalgamation of gold and the application of other rudimentary techniques. In spite of this, the sector has been nearly overlooked by resource economists. In this paper we analyze the sector based on a survey of the existing literature. We find some commonalities of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in different countries of the developing world as follows: low levels of mechanization and technology, labor intensiveness, low awareness of environmental degradation, poor training, high transience among some miners, and lack of financial savings. Moreover, with these commonalities in mind, we present some topics and challenges for a research agenda in the field of environmental, ecological, and development economics.     

Assessing catchment-wide mining-related impacts on sediment movement in the Swift Creek catchment, Northern Territory, Australia, using GIS and landform-evolution modelling techniques

The Swift Creek catchment, the first catchment to be affected should any impact occur as a result of mining of the Jabiluka uranium ore deposit, is located partly within the World Heritage Kakadu National Park (KNP), and partly within the Jabiluka Mineral Lease (JML) that has been excised from KNP. Preliminary linking of a landform evolution model with a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been completed and tested on a catchment-wide basis for long-term total catchment management. This project represents the first attempt to apply the model on a catchment-wide basis in the region. Linking the model with a GIS enhances the modelling process, as the GIS assists in the derivation, storage, manipulation, processing and visualisation of geo-referenced data on a catchment-wide scale. This preliminary assessment of landform evolution in the Swift Creek catchment demonstrates the complex process associated with the parameterisation of the SIBERIA model, and illustrates the benefits of integrating GIS with landform evolution modelling techniques. Additional research is required to develop a more integrated GIS and landform evolution modelling approach to assessing the possible impacts of mining on catchment sedimentary and hydrological processes.     

贵州省晴隆-安龙金矿矿山环境污染调查分析

贵州省黔西南州晴隆-安龙地区主要贵州"红土型"金矿的主要产区,也是贵州省湿法炼金的主要生产基地,区内金矿生产在一定程度上促进了当地乃至贵州省经济社会的发展,同时也对当地矿山生态环境造成了较大影响,产生很多环境地质问题,矿山矿渣、废渣等产生的环境地质问题尤为突出。为了解该地区矿山有害废物种类、含量变化范围和污染程度及分布,通过对调查区42件矿渣、废渣所含As、Sb、Hg及73件浸出液中As、Sb、Hg、CN-、S2-有害元素分析,确定晴隆、兴仁、安龙各调查区存在的主要的有害元素及污染程度,根据综合污染指数(GTi)划分出中度、轻度污染区域,提出今后该区矿山地质环境恢复治理建议和有待研究的环境地质问题。     

采空区瓦斯涌出的回采速度效应分析

为了深入了解煤层开采时工作面回采速度对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响,提高矿井采空区瓦斯治理能力,保障矿井安全生产,通过建立数学模型并采用COMSOL有限元分析软件建立不同回采速度采空区瓦斯涌出模型,开展数值模拟试验,研究不同回采速度下采空区瓦斯涌出规律及分布情况。结果表明:不同回采速度下采空区相同深度的瓦斯浓度呈梯度增长;通过对现场采空区回采速度数据进行归类平均后,降低其他因素对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响后,采空区瓦斯涌出量与回采速度线性相关性从0.60提高至0.94,表明回采速度越快,采空区瓦斯涌出速度越快,采空区瓦斯涌出量越大。研究结果揭示了煤层开采过程中回采速度对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响规律,为现场优化回采速度及抽采参数提供了理论指导。     

贵州西部煤矿区不同类型河流沉积物重金属含量及生态风险评价

通过对典型煤矿区的河流表层沉积物进行调查与采样分析,探讨不同类型河流沉积物重金属质量比的变化及对水生态环境的影响。结果表明,受矸石堆场排水、矿井排水和洗煤排水的影响,煤矿区污染河流的沉积物可分为砂质沉积物、黄色泥质沉积物和黑色泥质沉积物。黄色泥质沉积物中Fe、Cd、Hg的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物的4.46倍、2.19倍、1.59倍,是砂质沉积物的2.36倍、2.43倍、1.59倍;而黄色泥质沉积物中Cr的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物和砂质沉积物的1.20倍和8.5%;黄色泥质沉积物中Pb、As的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物的22.62%和45.85%,是砂质沉积物的47.21%和88.84%。3种沉积物之间Fe和Pb的平均质量比差异较大,其次为Cd和As,再次为Hg、Zn、Mn。通过对沉积物重金属进行潜在生态风险指数(RI)分析、覆水释放与隆线溞生物毒性试验,发现3种沉积物重金属都具有很强的生态风险,其强度从大到小表现为黄色泥质沉积物、黑色泥质沉积物、砂质沉积物。     

大型露天煤矿绿色开采评价体系研究

为解决露天煤矿开采给环境带来的诸多不利影响,以露天煤矿绿色开采为理念,从固体环境、水体环境、气体环境和生态环境4个方面构建了露天煤矿绿色开采评价体系。通过数学方法和数学模型对影响露天煤矿的基本指标进行量化处理和权重分配,得出露天煤矿开采"绿色度"指标值。建立了露天煤矿绿色开采评价标准,并利用所建立的评价指标体系和评价模型对黑岱沟露天煤矿进行了应用研究。     

基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度动态评价方法

采用状态Petri网模型对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价,给出了状态Petri网中累积值、加权值、不变值和虚拟值4种不同状态值的计算及表示方法,提出了基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度计算方法。库所的累积值用于计算采矿过程中环境指标的总变化量。加权值主要用于脆弱度的计算。具有不变值的库所在相应的变迁被激发前后状态值均保持不变。没有实际意义的虚拟值在状态Petri网中仅起到逻辑或过渡作用。网结构描述了矿区生态环境脆弱度的组成结构,网系统的运行反映了生态环境脆弱化的状态变化过程,并且将脆弱度的计算融入了状态Petri网的运行中。在案例研究中,绘制了4种修复方案下脆弱度的变化情况曲线,表明该评价方法可以对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价。状态Petri网模型能将矿区生态环境脆弱化过程,以及人工修复和自然修复过程直观形象地展现出来,为预测矿区生态环境脆弱度的变化情况及制定相应的修复方案提供参考。该模型适用于矿山长期开采对生态环境造成破坏过程的建模及计算,而且对矿山的开采过程也不需要作特别的假设限制。