南极内陆科考站的环境影响评价及减缓措施

南极内陆地区以其特殊的地理位置和特有的生态环境在研究全球变化尤其是气候变化中发挥不可替代的作用.随着越来越多的科考站在南极内陆地区建立,人类活动对南极环境的不利影响的程度和性质正在发生范围的扩散和层次的转移.本研究以中国昆仑站为例,依据不同类型活动的发生概率、范围、持续时间,严重程度的不同,对在南极内陆地区建立科考站所产生的环境影响进行了综合分析,结果表明,科考站的建设和运行对南极内陆环境及其附属的生态系统带来了不可避免的负效应,提出相关减缓措施以期尽可能减缓不良的环境影响,这不仅为日后南极科考活动提供规范化指导,还为南极内陆地区环境污染的控制及管理和可持续发展提供参考.     

基于旅游资源评价的吉林省旅游发展格局研究

科学评价旅游资源是制定旅游开发策略的前提.在系统分析吉林省自身旅游资源特征以及在东北三省中所处优劣势的基础上,探讨当前旅游资源的状况对吉林省旅游业产生的影响,针对性地提出“一心两域”的吉林省旅游发展格局模式.     

我国环境事件生发机理的Logistics回归分析

以近年来我国发生的有影响力的100个环境事件为研究对象,通过多元Logistics回归方法。利用环境污染生境、污染主体特征、污染物特征、对象敏感性、社会敏感性、治理难度和治理效果7类变量23类观测指标解析了影响环境事件发生的显著因素。以此为基础,分别给出了控制和预防大概率小损失、大概率大损失、小概率小损失和小概率大损失环境事件发生的政策建议。     

An Assessment of U.S. Stream Compensatory Mitigation Policy: Necessary Changes to Protect Ecosystem Functions and Services

Compensatory mitigation of impacted streams and wetlands has increased over the past two decades, with the associated industry spending over US$2.9 billion in aquatic restoration annually. Despite these expenditures, evaluations by the National Research Council and U.S. Government Accountability Office have provided evidence that compensatory mitigation practices are failing to protect aquatic resource functions and services, and vague federal policy and inadequate evaluation of compensatory mitigation projects are to blame. To address these weaknesses, an update to federal regulations on compensatory mitigation was released in 2008. Additionally, the 2012 Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, some of which affects compensatory stream mitigation, was recently published. Current policy, as reflected in these documents, still uses nonspecific language to direct compensatory stream mitigation leaving most implementation decisions to the local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers district. The majority of federal mitigation policy has focused on wetland compensation, with other aquatic resources receiving less attention (e.g., streams). In this article, weaknesses of current policy are discussed, as are suggested policy changes to minimize the loss of stream ecosystem functions and services. Compensatory mitigation policy should clearly define key terms, incorporate adaptive management procedures, and provide guidelines for determining mitigation costs and compensation ratio requirements.     

Policy,Institutional and Market Barriers to the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) in China

China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world, with potentially about two thirds of total Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for Asia on the world carbon market (). Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China's average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003 The European Union on-line. (2003). (http://europa.eu.int/index_ns_en.htm accessed Oct 2003  [Google Scholar]). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest potential energy conservation markets in the world.

CDM can provide a win-win solution for both China and Annex I countries, and the Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China's sustainable economy and generating CERs. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China's energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM.

This paper reviews current Chinese policies and administrative and institutional settings for CDM cooperation, and discusses existing policy, institutional and other barriers in the energy market by drawing on observations and experience from previous initiatives such as Cleaner Production and energy efficiency. Some options to remove these barriers are addressed. In order to make CDM projects feasible, China's government needs to promote awareness, streamline administrative systems, and be more active in building a competitive edge in the world carbon market.     

减少氮、磷损失,控制其对环境污染的途径

本文从改进肥料施用技术、改性现有肥料、阻断农田氮磷损失的物理和化学措施、运用生物学途径以及植物生长调节物质等方面综述了当前提高氮、磷肥料利用效率,减少氮、磷对环境污染的途径.     

基于人工影响天气的气象灾害减灾技术

对全国人工影响天气的气象灾害减灾技术及人工增雨防雹成果进行了归纳总结。提出根据不同气象灾害的特点，采取有针对性的减灾技术措施，并对减灾效益进行评估。通过对近年来我国基于人工影响天气技术的人工增雨防雹等作业范围及其规模、主要作业技术及其与国外的差距、作业区的减灾效益等进行分析，指出我国人工影响天气减灾技术及应用体系有了很大发展，并为减轻气象灾害提供了科学依据。     

关于全国推广洪水风险图的认识与设想

近年来，随着我国社会经济的加速发展，水灾损失也在急剧增长。洪水风险区域内人口资产密度提高，而经济发展中缺乏水患意识，减灾措施不足，以及总体上防洪保护标准偏低等，是水灾损失剧增的重要原因。为了扭转被动局面，国家防汛抗旱总指挥部决定在全国推广洪水风险图。世界各国防洪形势国情不同，洪水风险图的绘制目的与风险图的内容和表达形式也有显著差异。本文通过基本国情的分析和中外风险图绘制目的与必备内容的比较，探讨适合于我国推广的洪水风险图形式。     

放牧区生活垃圾特点与治理实践——以内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗西部区域为例

放牧区生活垃圾治理是农村生态文明建设实践的重要组成部分,也是构建我国北方生态屏障的条件之一。以典型的放牧区——内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗西部为研究对象,对区域内生活垃圾特点及组分进行调查;以当地开展的“蒙家环保”农村牧区垃圾分类模式实践为研究案例,对垃圾收集量及组分变化进行分析,对垃圾收集成本进行计算,并对垃圾治理模式的效果进行了评价。结果显示:放牧区生活垃圾可分为资源回收物、厨余物、一般垃圾,实际排放中厨余物非常少;生活垃圾中可回收物比例平均为95.48%,生活垃圾产生量为0.50 kg/(户·d),生活垃圾处理成本为1 848.76元/t,户均处理费用为337.39元/a;“蒙家环保”农村牧区垃圾分类模式使嘎查(村)生活垃圾得到有效治理,环境效益和社会效益明显提升。研究区生活垃圾治理的实践对推动放牧区生活垃圾治理和农村生态文明建设具有一定的参考意义和示范效应。     

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).