北京市PM_(2.5)的研究进展

PM2.5是指大气中动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物。北京的大气污染是我国在快速发展过程中出现的典型的城市大气环境问题的代表,具有明显的烟煤型污染与光化学污染相结合的复合型污染特征,北京市PM2.5的污染已经相当严重。为了进一步研究北京市PM2.5的特性,对北京市PM2.5的污染特征、化学组成、源解析方面进行探讨,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

基于BP神经网络的导弹环境适应性评估及对策

论述了转型期海军战术导弹开展环境适应性研究的必要性和紧迫性,分析了环境因素的影响。选取典型型号的海军战术导弹为研究对象,给出了8种严重影响导弹的环境适应性因子。结合BP神经网络算法建立了环境适应性模型,并对环境适应性水平进行了仿真评估分析。仿真结果表明,该模型具有良好的评估效用。根据仿真结果,针对不同时期的导弹提出了相应的环境适应性对策。     

虚拟水研究与应用进展

虚拟水是解决水资源短缺和粮食安全问题的新途径,是目前国际新兴的研究热点。文中系统地阐述了虚拟水的概念和内涵,归纳总结了关于产品的虚拟水含量的计算方法,包括基于不同产品类型区别计算的方法和产品生产树的方法。并且介绍了虚拟水的应用情况,还对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Possible use of Lingula sp. (Phylum Brachiopoda) as a dissemination strategy to promote sustainable development in Fangchenggang mangrove,China

The economic marketability of a brachiopod, Lingula was studied at three coastal mangrove sites, specifically based on socioeconomic parameters from 10 villages that utilized Lingula along Pearl Bay, Beilun Estuary Marine Nature Reserve, China. The significantly highest density of Lingula was at Jiao Dong (48.2 ± 35.14 individual/m²) whereas the biomass of Lingula was highest (0.76 ± 0.22 g/individual) at Gui Lao Bu. The shell size of the largest specimen was still less than that in other references. The socioeconomic study of the population related to Lingula involved a small group, and no relationship could be determined among the parameters of age range, education level, occupation, and financial status. The total economic value (320,927.4 Yuan) was based on the value of consumption whereas the value from sales was very low as recorded from Shan Xin over a three-month season. Analysis of the results to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats was undertaken to identify the potential of Lingula sp. to be promoted and supported in the market as a novel source of income for the local community who are associated with mangrove resources; and also to examine its potential as a new food source for the rapidly growing population of China.     

京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市结构性调整政策的CO2协同减排效益评估

《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》（"三年行动计划"）明确提出,产业结构调整、能源结构调整、交通结构调整和用地结构调整是大幅减少大气污染物和CO₂排放的重要抓手,这种协同效应非常明显,但在城市群层面还未被量化研究.为此,采用京津冀温室气体-空气污染物协同控制综合评估模型（GAINS-JJJ）,构建了2017年京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市群基础排放清单,定量分析了"三年行动计划"的实施带来的CO₂和主要大气污染物的排放变化情况.结果表明,与2017年相比,2020年政策情景下"2+26"城市的CO₂、一次PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x和NH₃的减排量分别为29.1 Mt （相当于2017年排放量的2%）、203.8（21%）、281.8（27%）、485.5（17%）和34.3 kt （3%）,排放量较大的城市或部门都实现了较为明显的减排.碳协同减排效益结果显示,产业结构调整的一系列重大举措（淘汰落后产能、工业锅炉升级改造和散乱污企业综合整治等）取得了良好的CO₂和大气污染物协同减排效应,而不同污染物中NO_x的碳协同减排效应最高.     

海洋生态文明建设背景下的海洋资源经济与海洋战略

发展海洋经济,建设海洋强国,需要从国家战略角度关心海洋、认识海洋、经略海洋。为了系统认知海洋生态文明建设背景下我国海洋资源经济与海洋战略,邀请了九位来自海洋相关领域的知名专家,就海洋生态文明建设、海洋国土空间规划、海洋生态牧场建设、海岸带生态修复、海洋战略性新兴产业、海洋科技发展、深海矿产资源开发、海洋地缘政治和中国参与全球海洋治理等前沿研究领域进行了交流访谈。结果认为：（1）海洋生态文明建设是海洋强国建设的重要组成部分,海洋生态文明建设要明确美丽海洋建设目标、掌握海洋生态系统方法、坚持陆海统筹重大谋略、构筑海洋生态文明制度体系。（2）国家海洋空间规划要整合现有涉海规划,合理开发、利用与保护海洋资源,创新规划技术与规划治理理念,强化海洋空间管制指标、海洋空间发展能力和海洋空间治理地方特色机制等方面的创新。（3）海洋牧场建设要聚焦产业链条,推进“全域型”海洋牧场建设;强化原创驱动,构建“全域型”海洋牧场技术体系;倡导融合发展,培育“全域型”海洋牧场新业态。（4）“以自然恢复为主”的海岸带生态修复强调运用陆海交错区域空间布局优化和资源管理优化的技术,充分考虑海岸带生态系统自然恢复的过程和机理,提高生态修复的效率。（5）海洋战略性新兴产业的发展要把握数字经济大势,着力发展智能制造,加快升级产业结构,坚持绿色低碳发展,主动衔接区域战略。（6）海洋科技未来发展的重点任务是聚焦深海、极地战略新领域,提升关键海域实时精细观测和预报能力,聚焦海洋资源、能源集约利用,加强海工装备关键核心技术研发。（7）深海矿产资源开发需加强国际合作,开展多学科调查、长周期监测,加强深海开发技术研发,评估深海采矿环境影响,减少深海开发过程对海洋环境的扰动,实现深海采矿和深海环境保护的协调发展。（8）我国需要实施一种空间差异化且有针对性的海洋地缘战略,服务于台湾统一和领土争端、服务于海洋权益维护和海洋资源利用,服务于海洋运输安全和海洋生态环境安全,并最终服务于海洋命运共同体构建。（9）实施中国海洋空间规划技术输出“走出去”战略、积极推进中国海外园区“节点网络体系”构建战略、实施面向“一带一路”倡议需求的人才培养和实训战略,为全球海洋治理提供必要的空间支点和技术支撑。     

碳中和目标下的国土空间格局优化：理论框架与实践策略

国土空间规划是在基础层面引导土地利用、生态保护、产业布局、城乡建设和区域开发的国家基础性、约束性规划。在当前“双碳”战略背景下,将碳中和目标纳入国土空间规划和治理体系,对于从基础层面推动经济社会系统全面低碳转型具有重要意义。本文构建了碳中和目标下国土空间格局优化的理论框架,分析了国土空间格局、人地关系与碳收支的内在关系。从“经济—社会—生态”复合系统的视角探讨了碳中和目标下国土空间格局优化和调控机理;从国土空间碳收支核算体系、面向碳平衡的“双评价”方法、国土空间碳风险监测与评价、碳排放空间约束下的三线划定、碳达峰与产业空间结构调控等方面提出了面向碳中和的国土空间格局优化路径;从差别化的生态碳汇提升方案、符合中国国情的国土空间碳收支核算体系、面向碳中和目标的国土空间规划管控方案、基于生命周期的建设用地碳排放评估、低碳高效的国土空间治理体系、多层次国土空间碳补偿体系构建等方面,提出了碳中和目标下国土空间格局优化的关键领域。     

Transcending capitalism growth strategies for biodiversity conservation

The unlimited economic growth that fuels capitalism's metabolism has profoundly transformed a large portion of Earth. The resulting environmental destruction has led to an unprecedented rate of biodiversity loss. Following large-scale losses of habitats and species, it was recognized that biodiversity is crucial to maintaining functional ecosystems. We sought to continue the debate on the contradictions between economic growth and biodiversity in the conservation science literature and thus invite scholars to engage in reversing the biodiversity crisis through acknowledging the impacts of economic growth. In the 1970s, a global agenda was set to develop different milestones related to sustainable development, including green–blue economic growth, which despite not specifically addressing biodiversity reinforced the idea that economic development based on profit is compatible with the planet's ecology. Only after biodiversity loss captured the attention of environmental sciences researchers in the early 2000s was a global biodiversity agenda implemented. The agenda highlights biodiversity conservation as a major international challenge and recognizes that the main drivers of biodiversity loss derive from economic activities. The post-2000 biodiversity agendas, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the post-2020 Convention on Biological Diversity Global Strategy Framework, do not consider the negative impacts of growth-oriented strategies on biodiversity. As a result, global biodiversity conservation priorities are governed by the economic value of biodiversity and its assumed contribution to people's welfare. A large body of empirical evidence shows that unlimited economic growth is the main driver of biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene; thus, we strongly argue for sustainable degrowth and a fundamental shift in societal values. An equitable downscaling of the physical economy can improve ecological conditions, thus reducing biodiversity loss and consequently enhancing human well-being.     

水雾作用下气体爆炸火焰传播的实验研究

利用自行设计的全程透明的火焰加速管和水喷雾系统，对不同水雾条件下的气体火焰传播现象进行了实验研究。运用光电传感器与数字摄像技术分析了不同浓度的甲烷在不同水雾条件下的火焰传播速度、火焰阵面轨迹以及火焰结构特性，并通过对传播火焰反应区温度的测量，探讨了水雾抑制气体爆炸火焰传播的内在机理及所需的条件。实验结果表明：由于水雾作用于火焰反应区，降低了火焰反应区内的温度和气体燃烧速度，延长火焰阵面的预热区，减缓火焰阵面传热与传质的进行，从而使传播火焰得以抑制。水雾对气体爆炸火焰传播的抑制效果与水雾流量速度、雾区浓度以及火焰到达水雾区的火焰传播速度有关。