微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制与调控策略的研究进展

近年来,有关水体富营养化导致微囊藻毒素污染以及对微囊藻毒素生物毒性的调控研究成为全球环境关注的热点。基于对微囊藻毒素结构特性、生成机制、迁移转化规律和污染现状的探讨,归纳总结了微囊藻毒素的典型生物毒性及其毒性作用机制。为有效防控微囊藻毒素环境风险,深入探讨了微囊藻毒素的源消减调控策略、针对微囊藻毒素迁移过程的调控策略及针对微囊藻毒素毒理过程的调控策略。最后,对微囊藻毒素生物毒性作用机制及调控策略的研究进行了展望,为微囊藻毒素污染防治提供理论与技术支持。     

“十五”规划期上海城市生态环境建设的战略重点与对策

评价了上海市的生态环境现状和制约因素,从人口结构优化,城乡融合规划,清洁生产与ISO1400认证,绿地生态建设,环境,环境教育与组织建设等方面研究了“十五”规划期间上海城市生态环境建设的战略重点与对策。     

Production disruption management for R/M integrated supply chain using system dynamics methodology

The impacts of production disruption in Remanufacturing/Manufacturing (R/M) integrated supply chain on the sales and the methods of production disruption management were studied. A system dynamics model for the R/M integrated supply chain with production disruption was improved by system dynamics methodology. The numerical examples were shown to illustrate the simulation results. The impacts of different recovery times of production disruption on the sales were presented. In order to mitigate the disruption risks and ensure the sales at the needed sales ratio, the methods for setting multi-echelon inventory levels before the occurring of the production disruption and the methods for making back-up plans after the production disruption occurs were given.     

Bottom-up approach for downscaling CO2 emissions in Taiwan: robustness analysis and policy implications

The roles and responsibilities of cities in CO₂ mitigation have drawn increasing attention in recent years. To facilitate optimal design of effective mitigation policies, it is important for city authorities to understand the magnitudes and sources of their CO₂ emissions, and their relative shares of emissions at a higher spatial level. Although several studies estimate CO₂ emissions at the city level, the robustness of these estimates and their linkage to emissions at a higher level remains unclear. This kind of localized information on emissions is important for coordination of climate policies at different spatial scales. The study aims to fill a gap in understanding by building a systematic bottom-up approach for estimating urban CO₂ emissions and offering a consistency check with IPCC top–down estimates. Using Taiwan as a case study, we display the geographic distribution of CO₂ emissions. The significance and implications of the downscaling CO₂ emissions are indicated accordingly.     

经济野生动物养殖管窥之见

本文对我国经济动物养殖业具有的高投入高产出,市场行情变化大,风险大,需要较特殊的养殖技术,以及易被炒种形成“养殖热”等特点进行了精辟的论述,并从此出发分析了经济野生动物的养殖必须具备足够的资金,懂法守法,懂得养殖技术,有较好的环境条件,种原优质和掌握市场行情等条件,对于我国经济动物养殖业大起大落以及产品价廉质差滞销的原因进行了深入分析,并就如何健康发展经济动物养殖业提出了针对性措施。     

化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略

本质安全化设计是预防人为失误及设备失效、降低化工过程风险应优先采用的技术。在比较传统设计方法与本质安全化设计方法的基础上,讨论了化工过程开发各阶段实现本质安全的机会,认为在开发初期,实施本质安全化的成本低,难度小;通过分析可行性研究、工艺研究、概念设计、基础设计、工程设计等阶段本质安全化设计的影响因素、设计目标和设计方法,探索化工过程开发中本质安全化设计策略,提出了化工过程本质安全化设计流程。通过工艺过程本质安全设计、工艺流程的简化和优化、不同设计方案的本质安全度评估等措施,可提高化工过程本质安全水平。     

Ergodynamics and Hybrid Intelligence Systems in the Reliability of Power Plant Operators

Based on ergodynamics and the hybrid intelligence theory, an analysis of the nuclear power plant operator’s performance is given at the levels of strategies, tactics, and actions. Special attention is paid to the strategies used in the course of severe accidents at nuclear power plants. Data from Ukrainian and Russian power plants and training centres and from accidents around the world were collected and processed. It is shown that in an emergency it is essential for the human operator to be flexible. This flexibility includes two main training and personal factors: a large set of strategies and tactics the operator manages to use, and quick transformations between the strategies (tactics). It was also found that some emergency tasks are too complicated: They require simultaneous use of different strategies, with time strictly limited by nuclear power plant dynamics. Those tasks cannot be successfully solved by any individual operator. Hybrid intelligence systems involving different specialists should be used in those cases in order to avoid failures in emergency problem solving.     

The Effectiveness of a “Break Experiment” from a Long-Term Perspective

The study reports the results of a follow-up evaluation, conducted in 1994, of the impact of a training program for female unskilled metal workers that was implemented at the end of the 1970s. The program was designed to promote occupational skills development, and was first evaluated in 1979. On both occasions of evaluation the investment in training was examined from two perspectives, those of the training participants and management. Data were collected through semistructured personal interviews with key members of personnel management and through a group conversation session with a majority of the original course attendees. Supplementary background information was obtained from documents and records maintained by the organization. At some points, there was a convergence of views on the significance of the training program for occupational skills development, at others a divergence. These convergences and divergences are finally discussed and the findings of the study are related to other research on this particular kind of intervention.     

水幕稀释罐区LNG泄漏扩散试验与模拟研究

为缓解液化天然气(LNG)泄漏事故后果,利用有色发烟剂模拟LNG泄漏扩散行为,研究水幕的关键参数,包括安装位置、安装高度等对罐区LNG泄漏云团稀释效果的影响,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT验证试验结果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明有色发烟剂试验能够定性模拟罐区LNG泄漏扩散及水幕稀释云团效果。水幕安装在储罐与泄漏源中间,并且安装高度高于云团2倍以上,能够有效稀释LNG云团,保护储罐安全。水幕稀释云团的主要物理机制是液滴与空气间动量交换抬升云团高度,形成的旋涡卷吸空气进入云团内部,加速云团稀释。     

高层建筑火灾初期人员疏散策略的优化分析

通过分析高层建筑火灾条件下的人员安全疏散问题,构建了高层建筑火灾初期的垂直疏散模型,并提出2种疏散策略.策略Ⅰ:电梯停靠层以下全部用楼梯疏散,停靠层及以上楼层用电梯疏散;策略Ⅱ:各楼层人员按不同比例通过电梯进行疏散.然后通过调用随机函数,在一个动态运行模式下求解模型,分析停靠层、楼层人数及电梯疏散人数比例对疏散效果的影响,得到2种策略条件下的近似最优解.分析楼梯、电梯的疏散规律,得出楼层人数、电梯停靠层和电梯疏散人数比例对疏散效果的影响并非单一的线性关系:楼层人数较少时,随楼层的增加,电梯疏散更具优势;楼层人数过多时,电梯、楼梯的疏散效果都不明显,此时需要合理确定通过楼梯、电梯疏散的人数比例才能提高疏散效果.比较2种策略发现,策略Ⅱ疏散时间更短,而策略Ⅰ在现实中的运行能力和可操作性更强.