Sulfate-containing amendments to reduce methane emissions from rice fields: mechanisms,effectiveness and costs

Application of sulfate-containing amendments is oftensuggested as a mitigation option to reduce methane (CH₄) emissionsfrom rice (Oryza) fields. This paper discusses the mechanism andpotential of this mitigation option, reviews the relevant experimental data,and presents first, indicative costs of application. CH₄ emission datafor rice fields with sulfate-containing amendments are compiled toreinterpret the resulting reduction in CH₄ emission and find a generalrelationship between emission reduction and amount of sulfate applied. Thereduction in CH₄ emission depends on the amount of sulfate applied.However, absolute emission reduction is location specific and cannot bederived from the amount of sulfate (SO^2- ₄) applied only. We established alogarithmic relationship, across locations, between SO^2- ₄ application andfractional emission reduction relative to the emission of the non-amendedcontrol field. Recycling of SO^2- ₄ in the rhizosphere was essential to explainthe observed reductions in CH₄ emission for a number of theexperiments. The cost of applying SO^2- _{_4}-containing fertilizers varies acrosscountries and depends on local fertilizer prices. Since a fractional reductionis obtained, the cost-efficiency in terms of CH₄ mitigation per unitof SO^2- ₄ applied will be highest in high-emitting rice production systems.Provided the proper target areas are selected, the cost of SO^2- ₄-containingfertilizer as a mitigation option to reduce CH₄ emissions in rice fieldsis estimated at 5–10 US dollar per Mg CO₂-equivalent.     

加拿大城市可持续性发展战略及对我国的启示

二战以来，全世界万其是发在国家与地区经历了城市化的快速发展以后，城市化的发展步入了以“质”为核 心的新阶段，城市的可持续性发展显得万为重要，并在全世界范围内展开了深入研究，而作为一个发展中国家，我们对城市可持续性发展研究相对较少。为此，我们以加拿大城市可持续性发展为例，详细介绍了加拿大面对城市的可持续性发展所采取的一系列措施，并针对我国的具体情况，提出了我国城市的可持续性发展应该注意的一些问题。     

Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.     

资源,生存空间与扶贫战略

本文在对资源和人类生存空间的讨论中,提出了自然资源、经济资源和社会资源的概念以及人类生存空间的地理性、经济性和社会性,并从资源和人类生存空间的角度对贫困问题进行了分析,认为社会资源贫乏及社会空间狭小是贫困的主要原因,因此,如何从资源的整体性出发,开发贫困地区的社会资源、扩展生存的社会空间是制定扶贫战略的重点。     

Improving Access to Water Resources through Rainwater Harvesting as A Mitigation Measure: The Case of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

This paper focuses on the importance of rainwater harvesting to mitigate the scarcity of water in the semi-arid region of Brazil. It is a case study about the Million Cisterns Project, an initiative developed by NGOs with the support of Brazilian Federal Government Institutions and international funding organizations. The project is innovative in a series of ways when compared to mitigation measures previously implemented by the government. Instead of focussing on short-term, top-down, palliative measures based on the construction of dams and wells, it focuses on low cost, bottom-up, long-term measures and, most importantly, it involves an educational component. Thus, the provision of water is closely related to the empowerment of the most destitute population and this leads to the sustainability of the actions. The case study serves to illustrate the relevance of the partnership between grassroots organizations and governmental institutions in the context of mitigation.     

可再生资源非线性收获的策略研究

本文运用非线性理论建立了可再生资源二次非线性收获的动力摸式。研究结果表明：为了保证可再生资源的可持缓利用、收获，必须把收获强度控制在一定的水平上，我们因此可以得到持续的最大产量。我们发现虽然对可再生资源的收获策略有线性和非线性之分，但是得到的可再生资源的最大持续收获量是相同的。因此，我们必须采用合理的可再生资源收获策略。避免可再生资源的过度利用和枯竭。我国可再生资源十分短缺，需正确处理好经济发展与可再生资源保护之问的关系，保护好我国珍贵的可再生资源对于我国的可持续发展具有重大的现实意义。     

绿色战略与企业绩效关系研究评述

本文从绿色战略的概念和动因出发,对绿色战略与企业绩效关系的理论和实证研究情况进行了评述。     

Application of risk based inspection in refinery and processing piping

In refineries and processing plants, the enormous amount of piping is more complex in distribution than other types of equipment. In general, compared with other types of equipment in these industries, more difficulty in inspection planning is encountered.

However, under-inspection or over-inspection can occur due to the lack of jurisdictional requirements on the inspection interval and method for piping, or the inspection interval being based only on piping service classifications in the existing regulations, such as API 570. This can result in unacceptable risks, along with costly loss of resources.

To lessen the piping risk level, more and more companies have adopted and applied risk based inspection (RBI) methodology, leading to risk reduction and cost benefits since the last decade. This study applied RBI methodology to optimize the inspection strategy of the piping in a refinery and petrochemical plants in Taiwan. Two actual case studies were corroborated better with quantitative RBI methodology than without the methodology in terms of risk and cost reductions.     

我国电子废弃物回收管理发展现状

我国的电子废弃物存在着产量大、资源化率低、污染危害严重等问题,其回收处理形势十分严峻。文章简要阐述了典型发达国家的电子废弃物回收体系概况,总结了我国电子废弃物回收方面的相关立法管理和具体工程实践,分析了当前国内回收体系存在的弊端,并对最新实施的家电以旧换新政策进行了重点评述,分析了其在完善我国电子废弃物正规回收体系上取得的积极成果和重要意义。同时,就我国电子废弃物回收管理体系的发展,结合相关学者的研究成果,提出了相应的措施和建议。     

大连市环境保护实施战略研究

本文在剖析大连市环境保护的外部环境和内部环境基础上,结合大连市的环境保护的现状,并针对大连市环境保护存在的主要问题,着眼于环境保护与经济社会可持续发展之间的关系,对大连市环境保护的一系列重大问题进行了深入研究。