Energy Supply Potentials and Needs, and the Environmental Impact of their Use in Sudan

Sudan is an agricultural country with fertile land, plenty of water resources, livestock, forestry resources, and agricultural residues. An overview of the energy situation in Sudan is introduced with reference to the end uses and regional distribution. Energy sources are divided into two main types; conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity); and non-conventional energy (solar, wind, hydro-electricity, etc.). Sudan possesses a relatively high abundance of solar radiation, and moderate wind speeds, hydro, and biomass energy resources. The application of the new and renewable sources of energy available in Sudan is now a major issue in future energy strategic planning and for an alternative to fossil conventional energy. Sudan is an important case study in the context of renewable energy. It has a long history of meeting its energy needs through renewables. Sudan's renewables' portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country's wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many of the African leaders in renewable energy utilization, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios for the new century emphasize the untapped potential of renewable resources. Rural areas of Sudan can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. It is concluded that renewable, environmentally friendly, energy must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale plants, especially for use in the remote rural areas of Sudan.     

国外非工程防洪减灾战略研究(Ⅰ)──减灾措施

对洪泛区与洪水灾害的关系进行了阐述，对工程防洪减灾措施和非工程借施进行了定义和划分，讨论了美国及其它国家在非工程措施方面的做法．     

贵州山区珍稀观赏植物物种多样性濒危现状及保护

贵州山区是我国一个植物多样性较丰富的地区,仅野生观赏植物(含园林及行道绿化,美化树种)就有300多种,其中120多种属珍稀受危观赏物种。文章着重对36种主要珍稀濒危观赏植物的分布、生境、濒危类型、程度等进行了分析,并从观赏植物本身的生理生态习性、贵州山区生境本底的严酷性(土壤瘠薄,可有效利用的地表水匮乏等)、人类不合理干扰活动(如过渡采收、毁林垦荒等)方面探讨了该地区观赏植物多样性的受危原因。在此基础上,结合目前西部大开发中生态建设的要求,提出了该地区受危观赏植物的保护对策。     

湖北省耕地资源及其可持续利用对策

土地,特别是耕地资源,是农业乃至整个国民经济的基础,从湖北耕地资源的现状出发,揭示了存在的主要问题：１．非农业占地日益增长,耕地流失严惩．不利影响因素较多,耕地质量下降;３．人地矛盾突出,耕地资源态势严峻。进而提出了耕地资源可持续利用对策,诸职加强宣传教育,增强法制观念;控制人口增长,减轻对耕地的压力,合理开荒与复垦,整治低产农田．     

应用GIS进行城市震害预测的有利性

研究了应用GIS进行城市震害预测,对于解决或者改善其中存在的以下问题的有利性：①缺乏必要的基础数据;②震害的多因素综合效应考虑不够;③生命线震害预测方法还不成熟;④间接损失预测以及指导救灾关注太少．     

我国洪涝灾害加剧的主要因素与进一步抗洪减灾应取的对策

我国正面临着洪涝灾害加剧的严峻形势。９０年代以来,已出现了４个洪涝重灾年,每年的直接经济损失都接近或超过千亿元人民币。本文分析了导致我国洪涝灾害加剧的主要原因：首先是随着人口膨胀,大规模砍伐森林,大面积垦殖坡地,导致水土流失面积扩大,大量泥沙注入江河湖库;加之过度围垦湖泊与沿河低洼地,湖面大幅度萎缩;快速发展的城市化也使出现洪涝的可能性加大,损失加重。在总结我国抗洪防灾经验的基础上,讨论了应该进一步采取的措施,并提出了建立以Ｒａｄａｒｓａｔ为主体的多卫星抗洪减灾遥感信息系统的设想。     

危机管理的原则、策略和过程

频发的突发公共事件造成的危机已经成为社会管理生活中不可避免的重大挑战，危机管理也就成为各国和各级政府都必须认真对待的重要问题，本文归纳了危机管理中应遵循的原则，运用的策略以及处理危机的过程。     

Measuring the Incremental Costs of Global Environment Protection: The Case of Grid-Connected Wind Turbines in Morocco

An application is presented of the methodology used bythe Global Environment Facility (GEF) to measureincremental costs. Incremental cost estimates are usedby the GEF to determine its financial contribution toprojects that protect the global environment, such asinvestments in renewable energy. The importance ofadopting a system-wide view in certain types ofprojects (such as investments in grid-connected power)is illustrated using the case of wind power inMorocco. A narrow plant-by-plant comparison wouldneglect the adjustments in the system expansion planthat may be warranted when one type of plant (e.g., acoal fired thermal plant) is replaced by another (e.g.,a wind farm).     

Mitigation costs,distributional effects,and ancillary benefits of carbon policies in the Nordic countries,the U.K., and Ireland

This paper provides a survey of top-downmodelling analyses of carbon (C) abatementmitigation costs, distributional effectsand ancillary benefits in the Nordiccountries, the U.K. and Ireland. Specialemphasis is placed on the effects ofrevenue recycling and tax exemptions.According to the analyses, modestemissions reductions can be met withoutsubstantial costs for the countriesstudied, and a strong double dividend isfound in some analyses. The gross domesticproduct (GDP) or welfare effects are mostlyin the range of –0.4 and 1.2 percent whenC emissions are reduced by 20–30 per cent.Lowest costs are obtained without taxexemptions and with tax revenues used toreduce distortionary taxes. Ancillarybenefits are mostly in the range35–80/MgC^-1, i.e., about the same order ofmagnitude as the mitigation costs.Distributional effects are mostlyregressive, unless the tax revenues aredistributed in lump-sum fashion with equaltransfers to each household.     

岫岩农村生态环境现状分析及综合防治对策

根据岫岩的自然环境特点和自然资源状况,分析了岫岩农村生态环境现状和存在的主要问题,提出了加强农村生态环境建设的主要对策:合理使用化肥、农药,促进土壤养分良性循环;提出深化生态示范区建设的环保对策和资金倾斜政策;加强乡镇企业环境管理,用政府宏观调控职能,控制污染负荷增加;对资源开发项目征收环境资源补偿费,对已污染的土地建立土地恢复基金制度,并提出了环保部门在农村生态环境保护中应尽的职责。