太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化

针对2005年8月、11月及2006年2月,5月太湖31个采样点的水样,测定了其中黄质(chromophoric dissolved organic matier)和颗粒物的吸收系数.通过次氯酸钠漂白法及数值分离法,将颗粒物吸收系数分离为藻类颗粒物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数,并对2种结果进行了比较.同时分析了太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化.结果表明,水体中的绝大部份光合有效辐射能量主要由黄质和非藻类颗粒物所获取,对夏季的400～473nm、秋季的400-461nm、冬季的400～476nm、春季的400～569nm的能量而言,黄质的吸收贡献大于非藻类颗粒物;而在其余波段中,非藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献相对较大.藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献谱在490nm、676nm左右处存在2个主峰区,620nm左右处存在一次峰区,且该次峰在夏、秋季尤为明显,春季次之,冬季最小.藻类的吸收贡献也呈现出较为明显的季节特征,夏季吸收贡献最大达到22.1%,平均为16.4%;秋季最大为18.4%,平均为13.1%;春季最大为15.1%,平均为9.7%;冬季最大为10.1%,平均为6.8%.由于太湖颗粒物的吸收系数主要由非藻类颗粒物决定,因而用次氯酸钠漂白法从中提取藻类颗粒物的吸收系数会造成较大的误差,而改进的数值分离法在此基础上有了一定的提高.     

常州市臭氧污染传输路径和潜在源区

利用NCEP全球再分析资料和HYSPLIT4模式,计算了2013—2015年常州市臭氧(O_3)超标日的气流后向轨迹。结合聚类分析方法和常州市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O_3数据,分析了O_3超标日不同类型气团来源对各污染物浓度的影响,并利用引入权重因子后的潜在污染源贡献函数分析了影响常州市O_3超标的潜在污染源区分布特征。结果表明:常州市O_3超标期间易受到东南和西南方向气流影响,其中从东海和黄海途经浙江东北部、上海、江苏南部等地的东南气流占比达50%以上。自内陆途经黄山-湖州-宜兴到常州的气流对应的O_3平均质量浓度最高,为116μg/m3。自山东经枣庄-宿迁-淮安-泰州-苏州-无锡到常州的气流对应的O_3平均质量浓度最低,为78μg/m3,但该气流对应的SO2和NO2平均值为各聚类中的最高。影响常州市O_3的潜在污染源区主要在常州周边200 km以内的区域,且集中在从南京至上海的长江下游沿线区域和杭州湾区域;其中太湖湖区为重点污染源源区之一。O_3超标日影响常州NO2的潜在污染源区主要集中在江苏南部、浙江东北部和上海3个区域,太湖周边的常州、无锡、苏州和湖州等几个临近城市为潜在的重点污染源区。与影响常州O_3的WPSCF高值区相比,影响NO2的高值区分布范围更大、距离更远。影响常州O_3的潜在污染源区分布,与长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物的高排放区域较为一致,说明长江三角洲地区的O_3污染与本区域的人为源大气污染物排放有着极为密切的关联。     

秋冬季区域性大气污染过程对长三角北部典型城市的影响

本文基于空气质量及气象监测数据,运用层次聚类分析法、后向轨迹法、潜在源贡献分析等方法,选取长三角北部地区2018～2019年秋冬季的典型污染过程进行分析,并选取该区域代表性的城市(蚌埠)进行深入分析.结果表明,长三角北部地区大气污染受地面弱气压、高湿、低温和静小风等不利气象条件及传输的影响较大.长三角秋冬季区域性污染具有影响范围广和持续时间长等特征,污染类型主要为区域外传输型与区域内累积型.在EP1和EP2两次污染过程中,长三角北部城市PM_2.5浓度均值分别达到131.6μg·m^-3和115.4μg·m^-3,前者污染过程较短,但污染物浓度累积较快造成的污染强度大和范围广.利用PSCF和CWT对PM_2.5潜在源定性和定量分析表明,EP1过程PM_2.5由临沂、徐州、宿迁和连云港等污染轨迹密集区域传输到受体城市蚌埠,CWT值处于80以上,最高可达200以上,区域传输实际浓度值较高;EP2过程PM_2.5浓度受宿迁、宿州和徐州等区域内部邻近城市影响,CWT值处于60...     

北京南部城区PM2.5中碳质组分特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后北京市大气PM_2.5中碳质组分特征,于2017年12月至2018年12月在北京污染较重的南部城区进行了PM_2.5连续采样,对其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了全面研究.结果表明,北京大气PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别为4.2～366.3、 0.9～74.5和0.0～5.5μg·m^-3,平均浓度分别为(77.1±52.1)、(11.2±7.8)和(1.2±0.8)μg·m^-3,碳质组分(OC和EC)整体占PM_2.5的16.1%.OC质量浓度季节特征表现为:冬季[(13.8±8.7)μg·m^-3]>春季[(12.7±9.6)μg·m^-3]>秋季[(11.8±6.2)μg·m^-3]>夏季[(6.5±2.1)μg·m^-3],EC四季质量浓度水平均较低,范围为0.8～1.5μg·m^-3.二...     

夏秋季宁波市气态元素汞(GEM)污染特征及潜在源区贡献分析

气态元素汞(gaseous elemental mercury,GEM)是普遍存在于大气中的对生物体有害的重金属元素其化学性质稳定,在大气中停留时间长,可随气团长距离输送属于全球性污染物.本研究于2017年夏秋季对宁波市大气GEM、常规污染物和气象参数进行综合观测,研究沿海地区GEM受人为源和自然源共同作用下的迁移转化规律及潜在源贡献来源.结果表明:①观测期间大气GEM的平均质量浓度为(2.32±0.90) ng·m^-3,变化范围为0.97～10.95 ng·m^-3,且夏季低于秋季.②GEM、O₃和GOM在夏季、秋季、晴天和阴雨天的日内浓度变化表明,高浓度的O₃和强烈的光照可加速GEM发生光化学反应,GEM在晴天的光化学氧化强度高于阴雨天.③相关性分析表明,GEM与PM_2.5(R=0.65,P<0.01)、PM₁₀(R=0.47,P<0.01)、NO₂(R=0.46,P<0.01)和CO(R=0.57,P<0....     

复合型混凝剂聚磷氯化铁的混凝机理及应用

对工业废水及生活污水的处理实验对经研究以及对PPFC形态结构的研究结果表明，PPFC对几种废水的浊度和COD去除率均超过聚氯化铝、氯化铁、聚氨化铁，与聚硫酸铁效果相当。与聚氯化铁相比，PPFC形态分布及结构也发生了很大变化，特别是PPFC中Fe(b)的量大大增多，这睚是PPFC混凝性能提高的原因。     

Residual benefits of promiscuous soybean to maize (Zea mays L.) grown on farmers’ fields around Minna in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by promiscuous cultivars of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in cereal-based cropping systems of Nigeria’s moist savanna zone offers a potential for minimizing the investment made by resource-poor farmers on nitrogen fertilizers. A 3-year trial was conducted on five farmers’ fields in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria to assess the residual effects of two successive crops of promiscuous soybean cultivars on the yield of a following maize (Zea mays L.) crop. The soybean cultivars, TGX1456-2E (medium maturity) and TGX1660-19F (late maturity), were grown in 1996 and 1997. Treatments, imposed only in the first year of the trial, were: (i) uninoculated, (ii) inoculated with a mixture of two Bradyrhizobium strains, and (iii) fertilized with 60 kg N ha⁻¹. A fourth treatment was a plot left to fallow. In 1998, all the previous soybean and fallow plots were sown to maize without any fertilizer application. Results in 1996 and 1997 showed a soybean response to inoculation in the first year, but differences due to the residual effect of inoculation in the second year were not significant. Both cultivars showed a similar response to inoculation but responses at the five sites were varied. Soybean cultivar 1456-2E fixed 43–52% of its N amounting to 56–70 kg N ha⁻¹ and cultivar 1660-19F derived 39–54% of its N from N₂-fixation which amounted to 51–78 kg N ha⁻¹. Both cultivars had a high N harvest index resulting in a net removal of 52–95 kg N ha⁻¹ when both grain and stover were exported. Even when the stover was returned, there was a depletion of 23–65 kg N ha⁻¹, with 1456-2E removing more N than 1660-19F. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal infection on maize roots was 11–27% and dependent on previous soybean treatments and farmers’ fields. Plant height, shoot biomass, grain yield, and N uptake of maize were significantly greater in plots previously sown to soybean than in the fallow plots. In general, plots sown to the late maturing cultivar 1660-19F exhibited better residual effect, producing larger yield parameters than the plots planted with medium maturing 1456-2E.     

Assessment of contribution of SO2 and NO2 from different sources in Jamshedpur region, India

Contribution of pollution from different types of sources in Jamshedpur, the steel city of India, has been estimated in winter 1993 using two approaches in order to delineate and prioritize air quality management strategies for the development of region in an environmental friendly manner. The first approach mainly aims at preparation of a comprehensive emission inventory and estimation of spatial distribution of pollution loads in terms of SO₂ and NO₂ from different types of industrial, domestic and vehicular sources in the region. The results indicate that industrial sources account for 77% and 68% of the total emissions of SO₂ and NO₂, respectively, in the region, whereas vehicular emissions contributed to about 28% of the total NO₂ emissions. In the second approach, contribution of these sources to ambient air quality levels to which the people are exposed to, was assessed through air pollution dispersion modelling. Ambient concentration levels of SO₂ and NO₂ have been predicted in winter season using the ISCST3 model. The analysis indicates that emissions from industrial sources are responsible for more than 50% of the total SO₂ and NO₂ concentration levels. Vehicular activities contributed to about 40% of NO₂ pollution and domestic fuel combustion contributed to about 38% of SO₂ pollution. Predicted 24-h concentrations were compared with measured concentrations at 11 ambient air monitoring stations and good agreement was noted between the two values. In-depth zone-wise analysis of the above indicates that for effective air quality management, industrial source emissions should be given highest priority, followed by vehicular and domestic sources in Jamshedpur region.     

Review and comparison of methods to study the contribution of variables in artificial neural network models

Convinced by the predictive quality of artificial neural network (ANN) models in ecology, we have turned our interests to their explanatory capacities. Seven methods which can give the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input factors were compared: (i) the ‘PaD’ (for Partial Derivatives) method consists in a calculation of the partial derivatives of the output according to the input variables; (ii) the ‘Weights’ method is a computation using the connection weights; (iii) the ‘Perturb’ method corresponds to a perturbation of the input variables; (iv) the ‘Profile’ method is a successive variation of one input variable while the others are kept constant at a fixed value; (v) the ‘classical stepwise’ method is an observation of the change in the error value when an adding (forward) or an elimination (backward) step of the input variables is operated; (vi) ‘Improved stepwise a’ uses the same principle as the classical stepwise, but the elimination of the input occurs when the network is trained, the connection weights corresponding to the input variable studied is also eliminated; (vii) ‘Improved stepwise b’ involves the network being trained and fixed step by step, one input variable at its mean value to note the consequences on the error. The data tested in this study concerns the prediction of the density of brown trout spawning redds using habitat characteristics. The PaD method was found to be the most useful as it gave the most complete results, followed by the Profile method that gave the contribution profile of the input variables. The Perturb method allowed a good classification of the input parameters as well as the Weights method that has been simplified but these two methods lack stability. Next came the two improved stepwise methods (a and b) that both gave exactly the same result but the contributions were not sufficiently expressed. Finally, the classical stepwise methods gave the poorest results.     

澜沧江流域水体悬浮颗粒物δ15 N空间差异及成因分析

梯级水电建设对澜沧江流域生源物质迁移转化及其生态环境的影响目前受到国内外学者的广泛关注,本文通过使用稳定同位素技术,分析了澜沧江流域悬浮颗粒物氮同位素的空间分布差异及其成因.结果表明,澜沧江上游自然河道水体溶解无机氮(DIN)质量浓度变化范围为0. 28～0. 60 mg·L~(-1),下游水库段DIN质量浓度显著增高,变化范围为0. 39～1. 15mg·L~(-1);上游自然河道段悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变化范围为4. 52‰～6. 72‰,下游水库段明显增重其变化范围为2. 3‰～11. 8‰.利用Isosource软件对悬浮颗粒物来源进行分析,结果表明澜沧江流域内工业及生活污水为悬浮物颗粒物氮素的主要贡献源,占比约为42. 43%;土壤有机质、大气沉降、农业化肥的贡献率分别为22. 38%、18. 16%和17. 03%;在该流域内上游自然河道段受工业及生活污水、土壤有机质以及大气沉降共同影响,下游水库段则主要受工业及生活污水的影响.同时小湾、漫湾、大朝山这3个库区内存在藻类吸收同化作用而使得悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变轻的现象.