The role of digital data entry in participatory environmental monitoring

Many argue that monitoring conducted exclusively by scientists is insufficient to address ongoing environmental challenges. One solution entails the use of mobile digital devices in participatory monitoring (PM) programs. But how digital data entry affects programs with varying levels of stakeholder participation, from nonscientists collecting field data to nonscientists administering every step of a monitoring program, remains unclear. We reviewed the successes, in terms of management interventions and sustainability, of 107 monitoring programs described in the literature (hereafter programs) and compared these with case studies from our PM experiences in Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greenland, and Vietnam (hereafter cases). Our literature review showed that participatory programs were less likely to use digital devices, and 2 of our 3 more participatory cases were also slow to adopt digital data entry. Programs that were participatory and used digital devices were more likely to report management actions, which was consistent with cases in Ethiopia, Greenland, and Australia. Programs engaging volunteers were more frequently reported as ongoing, but those involving digital data entry were less often sustained when data collectors were volunteers. For the Vietnamese and Canadian cases, sustainability was undermined by a mismatch in stakeholder objectives. In the Ghanaian case, complex field protocols diminished monitoring sustainability. Innovative technologies attract interest, but the foundation of effective participatory adaptive monitoring depends more on collaboratively defined questions, objectives, conceptual models, and monitoring approaches. When this foundation is built through effective partnerships, digital data entry can enable the collection of more data of higher quality. Without this foundation, or when implemented ineffectively or unnecessarily, digital data entry can be an additional expense that distracts from core monitoring objectives and undermines project sustainability. The appropriate role of digital data entry in PM likely depends more on the context in which it is used and less on the technology itself.     

A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The ‘why’, ‘when’, and ‘how’ of success for disaster risk reduction measures

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognized as sustainable approaches to address societal challenges. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has benefited by moving away from purely ‘grey’ infrastructure measures towards NbS. However, this shift also furthers an increasing trend of reliance on public acceptance to plan, implement and manage DRR measures. In this review, we examine how unique NbS characteristics relate to public acceptance through a comparison with grey measures, and we identify influential acceptance factors related to individuals, society, and DRR measures. Based on the review, we introduce the PA-NbS model that highlights the role of risk perception, trust, competing societal interests, and ecosystem services. Efforts to increase acceptance should focus on providing and promoting awareness of benefits combined with effective communication and collaboration. Further research is required to understand interconnections among identified factors and how they can be leveraged for the success and further uptake of NbS.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01502-4.     

山东省临沂市土壤有机氯农药滴滴涕残留量与空间分布特征

通过对临沂市全区表层土壤每36 km2进行样品收集,测试分析了DDTs、Org C、N等指标,主要研究了区域表层土壤DDTs的残留现状、组成和来源、影响因素、空间分布和环境质量特征.结果表明,调查区表层土壤中DDTs检出率为71.75%,平均含量为0.035μg·g-1;检出样品中p,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDE为主要残留物,平均残留分别为0.033μg·g-1和0.010μg·g-1,分别占检出样的60.99%和34.62%.DDTs降解率指示区域58%表层土壤为新近输入区,新近输入区在调查区中南部分布尤为明显;而p,p'-DDD/p,p'-DDE指示区域DDTs降解以氧化环境为主,o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT指示71.37%区域土壤DDTs输入可能与工业级DDTs有关.相关分析表明,影响土壤DDTs分布的外在因素包括土壤Org C、N、C和p H等指标,且DDTs中p,p'-DDT组分占比越高,影响越明显.DDTs的空间分布具明显点源特征,市县周围均出现明显浓集中心,中南部部分区域浓度明显较高.全区DDTs土壤环境质量污染程度较低,主要以一二类土壤为主,分别占78.95%和21.05%.     

75t/h燃煤锅炉汞迁移转化规律研究

通过对2台75 t/h循环流化床锅炉烟气中汞排放浓度、燃煤和其他固体副产物中的汞含量进行测试,分析了燃煤大气汞的排放因子,并建立了燃煤汞的质量平衡。结果表明:燃煤锅炉中,大部分汞主要存在于烟气和脱硫副产物中,燃烧后进入炉渣、飞灰中的汞含量较少,低于5%。燃煤汞排放去向与脱硫除尘控制技术有关,不同控制技术协同除汞的效果差异较大,而单质汞是燃煤锅炉汞污染防治的重点和难点。     

一种简便高效的土壤石油烃提取方法的建立

通过开展单因子实验与正交实验,考察不同参数下超声萃取法对土壤中总石油烃(TPH)的提取效率,并对比了超声萃取法、超声-索氏萃取法及传统索氏萃取法对不同原油污染土壤的提取效果。结果表明:超声萃取法的最优工作参数为20 m L二氯甲烷,超声10 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,萃取4次。3种提取方法中,超声萃取法对石油烃平均回收率最高,为100.95%,而传统的索氏萃取法最低,仅为94.54%。可见,超声萃取法操作简单,效率高,可广泛用于土壤中总石油烃含量的提取测定。     

基于ES-VSP分布的交通状态对公交车动态排放的影响

为评估不同交通状态下公交车运行特征和排放水平的差异,现场采集广州市B9、226线路公交车的逐秒GPS数据,以ES-VSP（发动机负荷-机动车比功率）分布表征畅通、轻度拥堵和中度拥堵下的公交车运行特征,结合IVE（international vehicle emission）模型求得公交车平均排放因子并分析其差异.结果表明:①所测公交车的发动机低负荷区中bin11（-1.6 < ES ≤ 3.1,-2.9 kW/t ≤ VSP < 1.2 kW/t）频率范围为50.55%~83.39%,中度拥堵时bin 11频率是畅通时的1.1~1.3倍;② 3种交通状态下公交车的CO、VOC（运行产生的挥发性有机物）、VOC_evap（蒸发产生的挥发性有机物）、NO_x（氮氧化物）和PM（颗粒物）平均排放因子范围分别为7.63~11.40、0.26~0.46、0.68~1.56、0.32~0.51和0.72×10-2~1.28×10-2 g/km;③同种交通状态下,主干路公交车专用道和BRT车道的公交车的大部分污染物平均排放因子低于次干路混行车道、主干路混行车道,中度拥堵时主干路BRT车道的CO、VOC、VOC_evap、NO_x和PM平均排放因子相对其他道路最低,分别为7.66、0.27、0.87、0.32和0.75×10-2 g/km;④次干路混行车道、主干路混行车道的公交车污染物平均排放因子随交通状态愈加拥堵而增大,但畅通时主干路BRT车道的公交车行驶速度、加速度较高,导致CO平均排放因子较高,对应3种交通状态其比例为1.0:0.9:0.8.研究显示,交通状态对公交车运行和排放具有显著影响.      

酸雨区不同用地类型土壤有效态Cd含量季节变化及关键影响因子

探明污染土壤重金属有效态含量的季节变化特征及其敏感影响因子,对农业生产过程中减低重金属生态风险具有重要的参考价值.研究于湘江中下游典型Cd超标农业小流域中选取稻田、旱作蔬菜地、丘陵林地这3类主要用地类型,分析不同用地类型Cd活性的季节变化特征及其与土壤基本理化参数的关联.为期1 a的原位监测结果显示,研究区为典型酸雨区,雨水p H值呈现冬、春季节低于夏、秋季.稻田土壤总Cd含量显著高于旱作蔬菜地,菜地显著高于林地,3种用地类型土壤总Cd含量季节特征相似,均为夏秋季节略低于冬春两季.3种用地类型Cd有效态季节变化与总Cd含量无明显的相关性,稻田土壤有效态Cd含量在5~9月的作物生长季明显低于其他月份,而菜地和林地则恰好相反.稻田土壤Cd有效性的最关键影响因子为Eh,呈显著正相关,与土壤p H负相关,菜地土壤与土壤TOC明显负相关,而林地土壤Cd有效性与水溶性有机碳、TOC呈现明显的正相关关系.研究可为Cd超标土壤污染阻控与农业安全生产提供一定的数据参考.     

利用FeS去除水中硝基苯的试验研究

为研究FeS还原去除硝基苯的性能,采用批次试验的方法,考察了各因素对FeS去除硝基苯性能的影响.结果表明,在初始硝基苯浓度为0.96 mmol·L-1条件下,当FeS用量为1.2 g时,反应180 min后,硝基苯去除率达到90%.初始硝基苯浓度、FeS用量、温度、FeS重复使用次数对硝基苯去除率有较大影响.初始硝基苯浓度在0.74～1.74 mmol·L-1之间变化时,初始硝基苯浓度每增加0.1 mmol·L-1,硝基苯去除率下降4.7%.FeS用量在0.3～1.5 g内变化时,FeS用量每增加0.3 g,硝基苯去除率增加近20%;FeS用量为1.8 g时,硝基苯去除率为100%.温度在10～25℃范围内变化时,温度每升高1℃,硝基苯去除率增加1.6%;温度为30℃时,硝基苯去除率为100%.硝基苯去除率随FeS重复使用次数的增加而下降.转速在10～80 r.min-1内变化时,转速变化对硝基苯去除率的影响较小,硝基苯去除率稳定在75%左右.FeS对模拟化工废水有较好的处理效果,反应60 min后,硝基苯去除率为100%.     

环境因子对水蚯蚓呼吸速率的影响研究

水蚯蚓能通过摄食剩余污泥而使污泥减量.因此,本文以颤蚓科蠕虫 (Tubificidae)为研究对象,考察环境因子(水质、水蚯蚓投加量、温度、pH、溶解氧)对水蚯蚓呼吸速率的影响,以探明水蚯蚓生长和新陈代谢的最佳条件,揭示环境因子影响水蚯蚓污泥减量的机理.结果表明,水蚯蚓在"水蚯蚓-微生物"共生系统污泥减量装置出水中的呼吸速率最大,为81.72 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1(以单位体积内每g干重水蚯蚓每小时消耗的O₂质量计(mg)),在蒸馏水中的呼吸速率最小,仅为18.31 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1;在容积为1 L的系统中,水蚯蚓呼吸速率随着投加量增加而逐渐减小,当水蚯蚓投加量为0.25 g (以湿重计)时,呼吸速率最大,为81.72 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1;在8~22℃范围内,水蚯蚓呼吸速率随温度升高而增大,在22~30℃范围内趋势则相反;当pH=8.00±0.05时呼吸速率最大,比其他pH值条件下测得的呼吸速率高1倍多;溶解氧在3.5~4.5 mg·L^-1范围内,水蚯蚓的呼吸速率较高,在此溶解氧范围之外时,水蚯蚓呼吸速率均较低. 该研究结果可为污泥减量中水蚯蚓的培养和应用提供可靠的理论依据,从内在层次上揭示了环境因子影响水蚯蚓生长及代谢,进而影响污泥减量的本质原因.     

环境影响评价公众意见调查的真实性评价探讨

公众参与在环境影响评价中扮演着重要的角色,认真做好公众意见调查工作,可以促进环境影响评价工作公正、公开、公平地发展。虽然在建设项目环境影响评价工作中,公众参与起到了一定的积极作用,但是在公众参与的实际过程中,还是遇到了许多具体问题,本文对环境影响评价工作中公众意见调查的结果应如何评估,提出意见和建议。