流域水质监测站对江河重大污染事故的应急监测措施的研究

流域水质监测站对发生在江河中的重大水质污染事故中承担着前哨的重要作用。因此，建立起江河重大污染事故的应急监测体系已迫在眉睫。本文结合多年来松花江水质监测的实际工作，对环境水质监测部门开展重大污染事故应急监测措施研究的必要性、应急监测工作必需的配置、预警监测断面在应急监测中的功能与作用等进行了较全面的论述。指出，应加大江河水环境监测的投入，切实加强水环境应急监测工作，尽快建成主要江河应急防控体系，提高江河重大污染事件的预警预测、监测、处置、后期评估等方面能力与水平。     

降雨条件下黄土斜坡的入渗特征分析

为研究黄土斜坡的降雨入渗规律和降雨诱发黄土滑坡的机理,在宁夏西吉县一黄土斜坡建立了监测站,在斜坡上部开挖探井并安装了土壤水分计观测土壤含水率,在探井附近安装了小型气象站,观测气温、降雨量、蒸发量。通过现场观测数据分析了气象条件对土壤含水率的影响,以及雨水在黄土斜坡中的入渗规律。使用SEEP/W软件分析了完整黄土斜坡和有裂隙黄土斜坡在临界降雨条件下的孔隙水压力分布,以及斜坡孔隙水压力随深度的变化规律。结果表明,深度1 m以内的土壤含水率变化受蒸发量与降雨量的影响显著,深度越大,土壤含水率的变化曲线越平缓。强度大于19 mm/d的降雨才会引起土壤含水率的骤增,且土壤含水率变化比降雨延迟48 h左右。斜坡表面发育的裂隙是雨水进入斜坡体内部的主要通道。降雨会在有裂隙的斜坡内部形成饱和区,使土体抗剪强度降低,饱和渗流会增加斜坡下滑力,这些作用使黄土斜坡发生滑动。现场监测研究得出了研究区滑坡临界降雨量的参考值,提出斜坡裂隙是降雨诱发黄土滑坡的重要因素。     

Sustainable three‐well pumping strategy for efficient detection monitoring near waste impoundments

Efficient monitoring systems addressing the difficulty of detecting narrow contaminant plumes originating from unknown point sources are needed for modern landfills. A low‐discharge extraction and accompanying injection wells could potentially address this problem. This hypothetical computer‐modeling study involved a three‐well detection system consisting of one extraction and two injection wells at a rectangular landfill in a shallow, unconfined aquifer. The extraction and injection wells were located near the landfill's downgradient and cross‐gradient corners, respectively. Each injection well pumped at half the rate of the extraction well. A minimum pumping rate of 1.1 cubic meters per day was determined for the three‐well system; at this rate, all contaminant plumes originating within the landfill's footprint entered the extraction well prior to reaching a downgradient property boundary. In comparison, five passive (not pumped) wells detected all contaminant releases from the landfill. Results of this study suggest that a low‐discharge extraction well with accompanying injection wells may be an effective contaminant detection strategy at some waste impoundments.     

基于CEEMDAN-SOBI对桥梁监测挠度的分离研究

为实现桥梁挠度监测信号各种效应值的分离,提出1种基于自适应噪声的完备集合经验模态分解（Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise,CEEMDAN）结合二阶盲源辨识（Second Order Blind Identification,SOBI）的单通道盲源分离算法。首先利用自适应噪声的完备集合经验模态分解将单通道的桥梁挠度信号分解为一系列线性平稳的本征模函数,计算各子序列的排列熵（Permutation Entropy,PE）并将排列熵值相近的序列相加组成新的序列;然后采用K-L散度的判别法剔除虚假的分量,将真实的分量组成盲源分离模型的输入信号;最后采用二阶盲源辨识对输入信号进行盲源分离,得到桥梁监测挠度的各效应值。结果表明:该方法能有效分离挠度监测信号中的各种效应值。     

我国精密可控震源主动探测研究进展

精密可控震源对地发射扫频信号,通过高精度的观测系统获得记录资料,采用专门的数据处理方法来提取信号,获得地下介质的信息。介绍现有的一些数据处理方法,比如匹配滤波、反褶积、Wigner-Hough变换和时变滤波等,可以实现可控震源信号提取。并总结这些方法的优缺点。通过多次野外科学实验发现,精密可控震源技术是一种探测地下介质结构及变化的有效途径。针对精密可控震源探测的影响因素,还需要开展深入研究,以便于改善其探测距离和分辨能力。     

医药建设项目环境管理与监测计划探究

论述了医药建设项目环境影响的特点及制定环境管理与监测计划的必要性,指出了在医药类建设项目制定环境管理与监测计划过程中应重视的问题,结合实例,介绍了环境管理与监测计划的框架,完善环境管理及监测机构设置、人员的职责、制定环境保护制度、企业正常生产运行排污和非正常工况及事故污染状况下的具体监测内容,使环境管理与监测计划具有较强可操作性,更好地服务于环保管理工作.     

基于非对称流场流分离技术的纳米银分离监测方法

以纳米银(AgNPs)作为典型的纳米颗粒物,利用非对称流场流分离技术构建纳米颗粒物的分离监测方法。制备了柠檬酸盐稳定的AgNPs分散液,采用透射电镜、紫外可见分光光度计、Zeta电位分析仪对AgNPs分散液进行了表征。结果表明,AgNPs半径多数小于10 nm,最大吸收波长为400 nm,Zeta电位为-42.56 m V。采用非对称流场流分离仪对AgNPs进行粒径分离,得到UV-Vis信号谱图,并收集得到半径小于10 nm、10~30 nm、30~50 nm、50~70 nm、70~100nm范围的AgNPs颗粒,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定每个粒径范围内AgNPs的质量浓度。结果表明,该方法重现性良好,AgNPs在半径小于10 nm的范围内达到了UV-Vis吸收峰值,响应信号最高为0.022 5~0.027 5 V,表明半径小于10 nm的AgNPs浓度较高。半径小于10 nm、10~30 nm、30~50 nm、50~70 nm、70~100 nm范围内AgNPs的质量浓度分别为(1 021.86±61.74)μg/L、(323.23±45.83)μg/L、(72.90±32.14)μg/L、(44.64±9.28)μg/L、(39.12±5.04)μg/L,回收率为43.96%±0.84%。     

Using Population Viability Criteria to Assess Strategies to Minimize Disease Threats for an Endangered Carnivore

Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free‐living population (i.e., a “vaccinated core”) such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated‐core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease‐transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease‐transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management—probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)—to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. Utilización de Criterios de Viabilidad Poblacional para Evaluar Estrategias para Minimizar Amenazas de Enfermedades para un Carnívoro en Peligro     

A Strategy for Monitoring and Managing Declines in an Amphibian Community

Although many taxa have declined globally, conservation actions are inherently local. Ecosystems degrade even in protected areas, and maintaining natural systems in a desired condition may require active management. Implementing management decisions under uncertainty requires a logical and transparent process to identify objectives, develop management actions, formulate system models to link actions with objectives, monitor to reduce uncertainty and identify system state (i.e., resource condition), and determine an optimal management strategy. We applied one such structured decision‐making approach that incorporates these critical elements to inform management of amphibian populations in a protected area managed by the U.S. National Park Service. Climate change is expected to affect amphibian occupancy of wetlands and to increase uncertainty in management decision making. We used the tools of structured decision making to identify short‐term management solutions that incorporate our current understanding of the effect of climate change on amphibians, emphasizing how management can be undertaken even with incomplete information. Estrategia para Monitorear y Manejar Disminuciones en una Comunidad de Anfibios     

Identifying key needs for the integration of social–ecological outcomes in arctic wildlife monitoring

For effective monitoring in social–ecological systems to meet needs for biodiversity, science, and humans, desired outcomes must be clearly defined and routes from direct to derived outcomes understood. The Arctic is undergoing rapid climatic, ecological, social, and economic changes and requires effective wildlife monitoring to meet diverse stakeholder needs. To identify stakeholder priorities concerning desired outcomes of arctic wildlife monitoring, we conducted in-depth interviews with 29 arctic scientists, policy and decision makers, and representatives of indigenous organizations and nongovernmental organizations. Using qualitative content analysis, we identified and defined desired outcomes and documented links between outcomes. Using network analysis, we investigated the structure of perceived links between desired outcomes. We identified 18 desired outcomes from monitoring and classified them as either driven by monitoring information, monitoring process, or a combination of both. Highly cited outcomes were make decisions, conserve, detect change, disseminate, and secure food. These reflect key foci of arctic monitoring. Infrequently cited outcomes (e.g., govern) were emerging themes. Three modules comprised our outcome network. The modularity highlighted the low strength of perceived links between outcomes that were primarily information driven or more derived (e.g., detect change, make decisions, conserve, or secure food) and outcomes that were primarily process driven or more derived (e.g., cooperate, learn, educate). The outcomes expand monitoring community and disseminate created connections between these modules. Key desired outcomes are widely applicable to social–ecological systems within and outside the Arctic, particularly those with wildlife subsistence economies. Attributes and motivations associated with outcomes can guide development of integrated monitoring goals for biodiversity conservation and human needs. Our results demonstrated the disconnect between information- and process-driven goals and how expansion of the monitoring community and improved integration of monitoring stakeholders will help connect information- and process-derived outcomes for effective ecosystem stewardship.