ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION DESIGNS1

A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively.     

深井高温热环境的数值评价

根据井下工作面热环境的特点,采用了数值模拟的方法,对高温巷道中的热环境进行数值模拟计算,并应用预计热舒适指标(PMV)对不同设计参数的井下环境的热舒适程度进行科学的评价,给出了高温巷道中的速度场、温度场、热舒适PMV值。以某矿山高温巷道为实例进行了热环境评价,得出了热环境评价结果。结果表明在温度为40℃的高温巷道中,采用入口处风速为0.8m/s即可满足通风降温的要求,所得结果更具有直观性、准确性,为最优通风降温方案的确定提供了技术依据。     

利用小样本数据预处理技术提高效能指标精度

提出了运用熵值判别法和线性均方估计法来处理小样本数据的方法.熵值判别法是根据熵的上界对应最大的不确定度,利用所得数据的熵信息量判别数据是否含有粗大误差;线性均方估计消除粗大误差是一种采用软化的方法处理粗大误差.经过多次试验,结果表明这两种方法在处理小样本采样数据时能够有效地提高数据精度.     

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

贵州龙里实验区酸性降水特征及变化趋势

以2007年4月～2008年12月贵州龙里实验区的降水监测数据为基础,运用统计学方法对该地区大气降水酸度和化学组成的特征及其季节变化趋势进行分析.结果表明,研究期内当地的降水pH均值为4.70,酸雨占降雨次数的70.1%和总降雨量的76.7%.酸雨的发生呈现一定的季节变化特征,其中春季为酸雨高发季节.降水中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Ca2+等含量较高.与相关研究进行对比,初步认为该地区大气降水所带来的S和N的湿沉降量尚未超过当地生态系统的酸沉降临界负荷.     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.     

高速公路雨水径流重金属污染特性研究

对南京机场高速公路路面径流中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn这4种重金属进行了现场取样检测,重点探讨了重金属污染的出流规律、事件平均浓度(EMC),并分析了降雨特征对径流重金属污染的影响.结果表明,不同类型降雨事件重金属污染出流规律不同：降雨历时短、降雨量小、降雨强度小的降雨事件重金属浓度在一定范围内波动,在整个径流过程中始终维持在较高水平;降雨历时长、降雨量大、前期强度大的降雨事件初期污染物浓度高、污染重,初期效应显著;降雨历时短、降雨量较大具有双峰雨型的降雨事件中重金属出流存在“二次冲刷"现象.计算结果表明,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的EMC中值浓度分别为1.43 μg·L^-1、 0.092 mg·L^-1、 38.6 μg·L^-1和0.51 mg·L^-1.Pb总体污染程度较严重,Cd、Cu和Zn与国内同类研究相比污染程度较为接近.重金属浓度与降雨特征相关性分析表明,降雨量对Cu的溶解出流影响较大,前期晴天数对Zn在路面的积累影响较大.     

大学生旅游者环境意识水平调查研究

环境意识水平的提升能从根本上改变大学生旅游者传统的思维方式和价值观,内在自觉地规范旅游环境行为和实践活动。以南京林业大学为研究对象,以配额抽样法探讨大学生旅游者学科专业、性别因素对环境意识的影响,研究发现大学生旅游者表现出较好的环境态度和倾向,对旅游环境和生态知识的渴求和认知程度对其整体环境意识水平有较大影响,然而也存在着知行脱节,环境行为滞后于环境情感、意志的现象。应重视高校环境教育工作,努力提升大学生旅游者的环境意识水平。     

降雨入渗下残坡积土边坡的稳定性模拟研究

针对杭兰高速公路受降雨影响显著的非饱和残坡积土边坡,考虑降雨入渗的影响,通过对非饱和土水力特征参数的试验研究,用精度较高的Van Genuchten公式拟合土-水特征曲线,得出了非饱和渗透函数的特征参数;在此基础上,将饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流分析与有限元强度折减法相结合,进行了降雨入渗渗流场与应力场的耦合分析,模拟雨水入渗引起的暂态渗流场,并将计算所得到的暂态孔隙水压力用于考虑基质吸力影响的边坡稳定系数的计算;最后根据研究区的降雨气象资料,探讨了降雨强度、降雨持时对残坡积土边坡渗流场分布、发展和稳定性的影响。该研究可为滑坡地质灾害的预防提供依据。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.