Environmental Capital,Negative Externality and Carbon Finance Innovation

In the context of global climate change,the internalization of negative externality,which is brought about by the traditional mode of economic growth,has become an inevitable choice.In order to achieve the internalization,it is necessary to make innovations on the market mechanism and system,find the value of environmental capital,establish a new mode of economic growth based on environmental capital,and then transform the environmental capital,an exogenous factor of economic growth,into an endogenous factor.Of this,the key of market mechanism and system innovation is the financial innovation that is based on environmental capital and negative externality;the government defines the initial property right of environmental resources and establishes environment energy trading market,so as to guide enterprises to trade environmental resources(represented by carbon emission permit trading) based on the Clean Development Mechanism,and to vigorously develop environmental finance and carbon finance.     

Daily Precipitation Extremes in Iran: Decadal Anomalies and Possible Drivers

This study focuses on the empirical statistical analysis of the anomalies in daily precipitation extremes by applying the quantile perturbation method (QPM) to data from 31 Iranian weather stations during the period between 1961 and 2005. The possible causes behind the anomalies in precipitation extremes are identified by analyzing their relationship with the anomalies in eight atmospheric indices (i.e., NAO, SOI, PDO, AMO, NCP, DMI, WeMO, SSN). In terms of decadal oscillations, the country was generally wet in the 1960s and 1970s with most stations exhibiting periods of higher quantile perturbations, whereas lower quantile perturbations were dominant in the 1980s and 1990s. The highest perturbation in extreme precipitation quantiles prevails in Central Iran during the early 1980s, in which the quantiles are about 50% higher than the ones based on the full time series. The frequency of significant precipitation anomalies for winter season was greater than that for spring and autumn seasons. For the summer season, the humid region in North Iran demonstrates strong positive anomalies. The results highlight the noticeable role of large‐scale climatic factors in the anomalous behavior of precipitation extremes in Iran. The atmospheric drivers of the quantile anomalies in extreme precipitation were found to differ from one season to another.     

两种干旱指标在干旱致灾因子危险性中的对比分析——以宁夏为例

致灾因子是灾害风险分析理论体系中的重要组成部分,干旱致灾因子危险性指数由干旱强度和发生概率共同决定。基于致灾因子危险性指数计算模式,对比分析了宁夏中南部山区降水距平百分率和标准化降水指数两种常用干旱指标在致灾因子危险性中的应用。分析结果表明,基于两种干旱指标的宁夏中南部山区干旱致灾因子危险性分布趋势一致,且均与实际相符,考虑到计算的简单易行,可以选择降水距平百分率作为宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性指数分析的依据。从全区干旱灾害风险区划的分析表明,宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性大致呈由南到北逐步增加的趋势。     

利用植被状态指数距平监测2011年长江中下游5省春、夏干旱

针对2011年长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省春、夏旱的发展过程和空间演变态势,利用2011年4~8月中分辨率MODIS每16 d合成产品MOD13A2-NDVI数据,构建植被状态指数距平（AVCI）进行干旱监测及分级。结果表明:AVCI指数能监测出长江中下游5省春、夏季干旱的发展变化,在整个监测期内,长江中下游湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏5省大部分地区AVCI值偏低,出现大范围干旱持续的现象,并且表现出明显的旱情加重-旱情减轻-旱情再加重的变化趋势。前期春季干旱主要分布在湖北中东部、安徽中南部、江苏南部、湖南东北部、江西北部地区,后期伏旱则在5省大范围发展。春旱干旱程度比伏旱更甚,其中春季旱情在平原地区更为严重     

湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征以及气象条件的影响

通过利用湖北省气象服务中心在全省27个旅游景区内建设的30个大气负氧离子自动监测站数据,对湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征及气象条件对负氧离子浓度的影响进行了分析。研究表明：湖北省旅游景区的大气负氧离子资源十分丰富,西部山区高于东部平原地区,整体呈现从东向西、从北向南逐渐增加的趋势,鄂西南地区为全省大气负氧离子最为丰富的地区,负氧离子浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季略大于春季。从3月开始,负氧离子浓度逐月增加,至8月达到最大值,后又逐渐减小。凌晨和上午的负氧离子浓度要大于下午和晚上,夜间呈逐渐上升的趋势。大气负氧离子浓度晴天最大,阴天小于晴天,而雾霾天和小雨天负氧离子浓度均较小;中雨以上降水、闪电活动与负氧离子浓度呈正相关。     

1998年长江流域暴雨洪水环流背景分析

１９９８年主汛期,由于西太平洋副热带持续偏南、偏强,中高纬度维持稳定的阻塞形势,６、７月雨带长期在鄱阳湖、没庭湖地区徘徊,造成长江中下游地区严重洪涝;８月随着副高北抬,长江上游出现多次强降水过程,长江干流受中下游洪水顶主上游洪峰下泻的影响,水位居高不下,多数水文站出现了超记录的历史最高水位。１９９８年的已成为一次少有的新的长江大洪水的典型。     

江宁地电新台监测预报效能评价

江宁地电新台于 1996年开始在新台址处正式观测。经 4年的观测资料积累 ,已具备条件对新台的监测预报效能进行评价。评价表明 ,江宁地电新台观测资料可靠 ,观测精度较高。在1996年 11月 9日南黄海MS6 1地震 (Δ396km)和 1997年 7月 2 8日南黄海MS5 1地震 (Δ36 0km)前 ,地电阻率值显示了较好的前兆异常。对台址测区附近 (Δ <10km)发生的ML2 1地震 ,江宁地电新台地电阻率也观测到异常变化。由此可见 ,江宁地电新台具备较好的监测预报效能 ,有望在江苏及南黄海地区的地震监测预报中发挥作用。     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%～3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度(0.12%)和pH值(1.49%),产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、 1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.     

婴儿脐带血和母亲血中多溴联苯醚的研究

为研究环境污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在人体的含量,采集了21对婴儿脐带和母亲静脉血样,用气相色谱和质谱法进行测定.结果表明,在所检测的7个PBDEs同系物(BDE-28,-47,-99,-100,-153,-154和-183)中,BDE-47和BDE-153为最主要的同系物.总PBDEs的含量分布于1.5~17ng/g;略高于挪威报道的含量水平,但低于瑞典和德国,远低于美国所报道的水平.