21世纪初华中地区发展的资源环境基础

作为中国21世纪资源开发的重要场所,华中地区资源环境开发利用将对国家社会经济发展起到举足轻重的作用。对华中地区资源本底特征、人地关系演进状态及发展趋势进行了分析,认 为华中地区拥有较好的资源基础,特别是在水土两大资源的结合方面。但是从现状和未来国家高速工业发展看,未来华中地区自然资源承载负荷将面临较以往更为巨大和更为艰难的挑战。一方面,优越的地理位置使华中地区在国家未来经济发展与资源环境协调过程中的重要地位更为突出,另一方面,当地的人口增长和经济发展同样会对有限的资源基础造成越来越大的压力。因此,区域发展政策应当做出相应调整。     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

华中地区吸收性气溶胶时空分布特征及类型研究

利用2005-2019年OMI-OMAERUV L2气溶胶数据集,研究了近15年华中地区吸收性气溶胶指数(UVAI)的时空分布特征和主导气溶胶类型,探究下垫面变化和人为及气象因素的影响.结果表明:①在时间分布上,华中地区UVAI的年际变化整体呈波动上升趋势;2005-2008年UVAI波动下降,20092013年逐年增...     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.     

农业合作生产对华北农牧交错区水资源存量和经济效益的影响

针对华北农牧交错区错季蔬菜生产对水资源消耗的争议,通过试验和调查研究相结合的方法,研究了农业“生产－消费”合作生产背景下区域发展错季蔬菜的耗水效果及其对农民收入、水资源存量的影响。结果表明,错季蔬菜生产田间耗水量为农区粮食作物的31.3%~93.3%,而水资源价值为农区粮食作物的4.2~10.7倍;与区域内粮油作物生产相比,错季蔬菜生产少耗水330~754m³/hm²,且其水资源价值为粮油作物的4.0~13.9倍。通过实施粮－菜交换的市场农业战略,区域能用0.175~0.196m³的水交易获得外区域1 m³的水资源,并且实现了研究区用0.93hm²的菜地解决发展错季蔬菜前需要6.9~13.8hm²耕地才能解决的粮食问题。调查表明,通过高效地输出水资源,区域农民收入仅蔬菜一项比全国同期农村人均收入高出了23%。故华北农牧交错区发展错季蔬菜生产是节约和扩大本区域的水资源存量,促进农村脱贫致富、自我发展的有效途径。     

影响中国近地面g -HCH浓度和沉积量的贡献源评估

采用CanMETOP模型,模拟了2005年欧洲(去除前苏联所占区域)、印度、中国和前苏联4个主要的g-HCH土壤残留区域的g-HCH通过挥发、大气传输和沉积对中国环境的影响.结果表明,中国东部和西部地区近地面的年均浓度分别为10~100pg/m3和1~10pg/m3.中国本地源对东中部和东北部的浓度贡献在90%以上,对东南部地区的贡献为30%~80%,印度源对该地区的贡献为10%~30%;印度源对西部的近地面浓度贡献在50%以上;欧洲源和前苏联源主要影响西北地区,贡献比例均在10%左右.中国本地源对东北区域的总沉积贡献最大(75%),西北区域和南部区域的总沉积均以印度源贡献为主,贡献比例分别为63%和67%.整个中国,年总沉积量为691t,贡献比例依次为印度源(55.1%),中国源(31.6%),欧洲源(3.6%),前苏联源(2.5%).     

中国生猪耗粮系数时空演变特征

当代中国,生猪饲料粮的生产与消费已经逐渐成为影响我国粮食安全保障的重要问题。耗粮系数是合理测算饲料粮需求量的核心,厘清其时空演变特征对准确测算饲料粮数量具有重要意义。通过着重测算2000—2018年中国不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数,探讨其时空演变特征及可能原因,得到以下主要结论：（1）近年来我国生猪耗粮系数呈现出明显的上升趋势,由2000年的2.39上升至2018年的2.76,年均增长0.023。（2）不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数的差距逐渐缩小,主要受到饲养过程中使用的精饲料占比变化趋同的影响。（3）大规模饲养生猪的粮食转化效率和时间效率均高于其他规模。（4）散养生猪的耗粮系数在空间上呈现“南北高,中部低”,其他规模则呈现“北高南低,中部高东西低”的格局。从提高粮食利用效率的角度,我国生猪养殖宜继续推动大规模饲养。     

中国西南地区金属矿开采对矿区土壤重金属影响的Meta分析

金属矿开采是土壤重金属的最主要来源之一.以往针对单个或少数几个金属矿区的研究尚不足以有效支撑大尺度特别是跨省域尺度内矿区土壤重金属污染的治理.本研究针对我国金属矿产资源丰富的西南地区（云南省、四川省、贵州省、重庆市和西藏自治区）,搜集了有关金属矿开采对土壤重金属影响的文献,采用Meta分析量化了不同情景模式（即不同子区域、矿种和土地利用类型）下金属矿开采对周边土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的影响,最后利用失安全系数与漏斗图检验了研究数据的发表性偏倚.结果表明,我国西南地区金属矿开采整体上显著增加了表层土壤中重金属含量［ES₊（weight effect size）=1.53］,重金属增加量由高到低顺序为：Cd （4109.80%）>Pb （741.49%）>Hg （452.90%）>Zn （420.70%）>As （278.10%）>Cu （138.69%）>Ni （16.18%）,Cr无显著影响;四川和云南采矿对土壤Cd （ES_+四川=4.16;ES_+云南=3.20）和Pb （ES_+四川=3.47;ES_+云南=2.54）的影响较高,贵州采矿对土壤Hg （ES₊=2.80）的影响最高;金属矿开采对耕地土壤（ES₊=1.42）的影响较高;铅锌矿和锡矿开采显著增加了土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的含量,铜矿开采显著增加了土壤Cu、Cd和Pb的含量;以上重金属中,Pb和Zn的研究结果受发表性偏倚的影响（P<0.05）.本研究结果可为西南金属矿区土壤环境保护提供更多的有效信息.