80年代以来闽北洪涝灾害概况及其成因

闽北是个暴雨洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区,武夷山暴雨是其主要洪不来源,洪峰流量远远超过一般河流,本文对闽北80年代以来发生的9次大暴雨洪水进行详细的统计及成因, 在此基础上,提出防灾对策建议。     

陕北地区土地利用与生态承载力动态变化分析

本文研究了陕北地区2003-2007年土地利用类型结构、动态度、程度以及生态承载力的时空动态变化,并采用回归分析方法研究了陕北地区延安市、榆林市土地利用程度与人均生态承载力的关系。结果表明,陕北地区耕地、牧草地、未利用土地面积总量及其比例减小,园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、水域面积增加;土地利用程度不断降低,总生态承载力和人均生态承载力逐年递减。论文还分析讨论了土地利用动态变化对生态承载力的影响以及相应的对策建议等问题。     

Exploring the autonomous adaptation strategies to climate change and climate variability in selected villages in the rural northern savannah zone of Ghana

Evidence abounds attesting to changes in the global climate. In Ghana, climate change and climate variability have brought several exposure-sensitivities on different people and at different times. Due to the multiplicity of climate change and climate variability effects, adaptation strategies invariably could be influenced by several factors. This paper assesses the adoption of adaptation strategies in the rural northern savannah zone of Ghana as a result of climate change and variability. Using two villages each from Savelugu Nanton, West Mamprusi and Kassena Nankana East Districts, which are slightly different as case studies, the paper unearthed panoply of varied adaptation strategies in each of them including intensification of irrigation; integration of livestock production; changes in tillage practices; fertiliser application on farms; shift from agriculture to non-farm jobs; seasonal migration and purchase of drought insurance for maize. The results indicate that the relativity in adoption and utilisation of the different adaptive strategies are interlinked with geographical, social, economic, institutional and political factors and processes in the villages. The findings drum home the essentiality of location-specific planned adaptation strategies for climate change through a bottom-up approach, in order to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.     

内蒙古阴山北麓地区可持续发展问题研究

本文在分析内蒙古阴山北麓地区生态环境恶同状及其形成原因的基础上,提出了以建立一机制为主的实现可持续发展对策。     

Modeling the Potential of the Northern China Forest Shelterbelt in Improving Hydroclimate Conditions1

Abstract: The forest shelterbelt (afforestation) project in northern China is the most significant ecosystem project initiated in China during the past three decades. It aims to improve and conserve the ecological environment in the project areas. The tree belt stands along the southern edge of the sandy lands, nearly paralleling to the Great Wall. This study used a regional climate model to simulate the potential of improving regional hydroclimate conditions resulting from the afforestation project. Two simulations with preafforestation and postafforestation land cover were performed over East Asia from January 1987 to February 1988. The model resolution is 60 km. The differences between the two simulations suggest that the northern China forest shelterbelt project is likely to improve overall hydroclimate conditions by increasing precipitation, relative humidity, and soil moisture, and by reducing prevailing winds and air temperature. The effects are more significant in spring and summer than fall and winter. Changes in many hydrologic properties (e.g., evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and water yield), however, differ between the dry Northeast China and the moist Northeast China. The hydroclimate effects are also found in the surrounding areas, featured by noticeably moister conditions in the area south of the afforestation project. The results imply that the shelterbelt project would reduce water yield in afforested Northwest and North China during spring, but increase water yield in the afforested Northeast China as well as in the southern surrounding area, offset some greenhouse effects, and reduce the severity of dust storms. Possible improvements of this study by using actual afforestation data, modeling with higher resolution, longer integration and more detailed processes, and analyzing the physical mechanisms are discussed.     

自然灾害与神灵崇拜——明清时期苏北地区灾害信仰的历史考察

明清时期的苏北地区自然灾害频繁发生,其中以水、旱、蝗灾害最为突出。频发的自然灾害在对地方民生构成严重损害的同时,也导致了灾害信仰的盛行。在官方的倡导和推动下,祭祀龙神、八蜡、刘猛将军等灾害神的庙宇遍布苏北各州县。灾害信仰呈现出极强的普遍性和功利性特征,在调适民众心理、维护社会稳定方面发挥了重要作用。     

北京市通州区河流中微塑料组成的空间分布及潜在来源解析

微塑料既是一种新兴污染物,还能作为载体吸附污染物,对河流等生态系统构成了威胁.但目前针对我国北方河流中微塑料污染问题的研究鲜见.基于对北京市通州区内6条河流共19个点位的水样采集和分析,研究了微塑料的组成及空间分布特征,并揭示了微塑料的潜在来源.结果表明,微塑料在所有点位上的检出率为100%,其中小中河中微塑料的平均丰度是所有河流中最高的(3.50×10⁴ n·m^-3),是运潮减河中平均丰度的4.04倍.粒径上,90.49%微塑料的粒径小于2 000μm,且仅在2个点位上监测到了粒径大于4 000μm的微塑料.微塑料呈现出纤维状、薄膜状、碎片状和颗粒状等4种形态,其中纤维状的微塑料占比最高（90.23%）.微塑料以透明色和蓝色为主,共占比84.29%.人造丝的占比最高,且在各点位上的占比都在66.67%以上,而其他成分微塑料的分布在不同点位上存在较大的差异.无论是微塑料丰度还是成分种类,河流上游均高于下游.根据微塑料的形状、成分、颜色和丰度的空间特征,解析了不同类型微塑料的来源.对于河流中占比最高的纤维状微塑料,其主要来源可能为服装洗涤、渔具...     

南京北郊BTESX特征及健康风险评估

采用AMA GC5000BTX监测2014年1月~2016年12月南京北郊大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯和苯乙烯（BTESX）的体积分数,分析了BTESX体积分数的变化特征以及气象要素对其的影响,并使用特征比值法（T/B）对BTESX的来源进行了定性分析,最后利用EPA的人体暴露分析评价方法对BTESX健康风险进行评估.结果表明,在观测期间,φ（BTESX）平均值为（7.28±6.63）×10^-9,其中φ（苯）最高,为（2.45±3.91）×10^-9,其他物种体积分数由大到小为：甲苯>乙苯>间/对-二甲苯>邻-二甲苯>苯乙烯,分别为：（2.41±2.61）×10^-9、（1.37±1.28）×10^-9、（0.51±0.48）×10^-9、（0.30±0.36）×10^-9和（0.22±0.42）×10^-9.由于存在稳定的芳烃源,BTESX体积分数的月变化和季节变化均不如其他物种（NO_x、CO、SO₂和PM_2.5等）明显.同时,BTESX及其他污染物的"周末效应"不显著.BTESX体积分数很大程度受到来自东北方向化工等企业以及交通主干道的污染物短距离输送的影响,导致BTESX体积分数在东北方向上较大.BTESX体积分数受到相对湿度和温度的共同影响,其高值区主要位于30%~70%相对湿度范围内,在该相对湿度范围内,温度越高,BTESX体积分数高值区域范围也越大.BTESX在不同季节的HI （危害指数）处于EPA认定的安全范围内,而R（苯致癌风险）值则高于EPA规定的安全阈值,同时HI和R值在夏季较高,因此需要高度重视.     

Range-Wide Selection of Catchments for Pacific Salmon Conservation

Abstract:  Freshwater ecosystems are declining in quality globally, but a lack of data inhibits identification of areas valuable for conservation across national borders. We developed a biological measure of conservation value for six species of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) in catchments of the northern Pacific across Canada, China, Japan, Russia, and the United States. We based the measure on abundance and life-history richness and a model-based method that filled data gaps. Catchments with high conservation value ranged from California to northern Russia and included catchments in regions that are strongly affected by human development (e.g., Puget Sound). Catchments with high conservation value were less affected by agriculture and dams than other catchments, although only 1% were within biodiversity reserves. Our set of high-value areas was largely insensitive to simulated error, although classification remained uncertain for 3% of catchments. Although salmon face many threats, we propose they will be most likely to exhibit resilience into the future if a complementary mosaic of conservation strategies can be proactively adopted in catchments with healthy salmon populations. Our analysis provides an initial map of where these catchments are likely to be located.     

Climate changes and overstory recruitment of larch at the northern timberline in the Yamal Peninsula

Studies on overstory recruitment of the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in open larch forests depending on the time of seedling establishment (1880–1980) have been performed in the northern timberline ecotone on the Yamal Peninsula. Two periods of active larch establishment have been revealed: from 1900 to 1935 and from 1950 to 1970. A comparison of these data with the results of instrumental observations on temperature and precipitation has shown that the overstory recruitment of larch in valleys of northern rivers is largely dependent on July air temperatures in the first years of tree life, when seedlings grow 10–20 cm high.