典型北方滨海核电厂温排水混合区边缘温升限值研究

随着我国电力事业的快速发展,电厂循环冷却水(温排水)的余热排放对受纳水体生态环境造成的负面热影响(即热污染)已日益引起社会关注。基于国内现有的温排水排放控制标准可执行性不强的现状,对我国电厂温排水的热污染控制标准的基础技术要素——温排水混合区边缘温升限值进行了研究。以我国北方某典型滨海核电厂址邻近海域的代表性海洋生物为研究对象,以各季节不同受试物种最大临界温度(CTM)的统计分析结果,作为确定该厂址温排水混合区边缘温升限值的主要依据。并结合法规调研法,最终确定该典型滨海核电厂址温排水混合区边缘温升限值的推荐值为3.6℃。     

Morphophysiological and Population Adaptations ofAjuga reptansL. at the Northern Boundary of Its Range

The results of comprehensive morphophysiological and population studies on Ajuga reptansL., a species of the nemoral floristic complex, at the northern boundary of its range (in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic) are reviewed. Adaptations at the cell, organism, and biocenotic levels are revealed. The maintenance and survival of the species at the boundary of its range are provided for by its physiological plasticity, resistance to low temperatures, and multiple variants of ontogeny. Prognosis of Ajuga reptansfuture status under conditions of global climate change and expansion of anthropogenically disturbed areas is favorable.     

Post‐earthquake rehabilitation of the rural water systems in Kashmir's Jehlum Valley

After the devastating earthquake of 8 October 2005 in Kashmir, international organizations provided the Pakistani government with relief and reconstruction assistance. Under the oft‐cited motto ‘rebuild better’, many of these efforts targeted the rural areas. The emergency period was followed by a development phase, during which all actors sought to ensure that their reconstruction projects would have long‐term, sustainable impacts. Based on the authors’ experience during that phase, this paper offers specific guidelines for rehabilitation work on Kashmir's rural water supply system, stressing the need for analysis of the social context to guarantee sustainability of the completed projects.     

基于FY2C卫星数据的藏北高原降水估算研究

如何确切的掌握降水的时空分布,对区域气候、水文和生态应用等至关重要。以藏北高原典型区为研究区,在大量地面实况降水观测数据与对长时间序列FY 2C 影像光谱特征和云图特征分析的基础上,获取卫星降水模拟参数特征集以刻画云降水的发生与发展过程,选用最值归一化方法对不同量纲云图特征参数进行归一化处理。构建基于三层前向型反向传播神经网络的卫星降水估算模型,用于该地域降水估算,并采用多指标体系分析模型的降水模拟精度。结果表明：静止气象卫星红外波段能较精确地揭示云的降水机理,较高时间分辨率遥感图像可以监测云图的变化细节,并获取能够反映云图降水特征的降水模拟参数;人工神经网络能较好地刻画该地域卫星降水特征的非线性规律;三层前向型反向传播神经网络卫星降水估算模型的估算结果与雨量计实测值间的相关性可以达到0.57。模型估算结果系统性的低估偏小,预示着对该地域弱降水强度将有较好的指示性     

A HYDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RED RWER OF THE NORTH SNOWMELT FLOOD CATASTROPHE OF 19971

ABSTRACT: The flood hydroclimatology of the Grand Forks flood of April 1997, the most costly flood on a per capita basis for a major metropolitan area in United States history, is analyzed in terms of the natural processes that control spring snowmelt flooding in the region. The geomorphological characteristics of the basin are reviewed, and an integrated assessment of the hydroclimatological conditions during the winter of 1996 to 1997 is presented to gain a real‐world understanding of the physical basis of this catastrophic flood event. The Grand Forks flood resulted from the principal flood‐producing factors occurring at either historic or extreme levels, or at levels conducive to severe flooding. Above normal fall precipitation increased the fall soil moisture storage and reduced the spring soil moisture storage potential. A concrete frost layer developed that effectively reduced the soil infiltration capacity to zero. Record snowfall totals and snow cover depths occurred across the basin because of the unusual persistence of a blocking high circulation pattern throughout the winter. A severe, late spring blizzard delayed the snowmelt season and replenished the snow cover to record levels for early April. This blizzard was followed by a sudden transition to an extreme late season thaw due to the abrupt breakdown of the blocking circulation pattern. The presence of river ice contributed to backwater effects and affected the timing of tributary inflows to the main stem of the Red River. Only the absence of spring rains prevented an even more catastrophic flood disaster from taking place. This paper contributes to our understanding of the flood hydroclimatology of catastrophic flood events in an unusual flood hazard region that possesses relatively flat terrain, a north‐flowing river, and an annual peak discharge time series dominated by spring snowmelt floods.     

南京北郊夏季近地层臭氧及其前体物体积分数变化特征

南京北郊,钢铁、石化等重工业集中,大气污染现状不容乐观.为了研究此类重工业地区夏季光化学污染特征,于2013年5月18日~8月31日连续观测了臭氧及其前体物的浓度并同时记录了常规气象要素.结果表明,观测期间臭氧(O3)、氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)平均体积分数分别为(32.01±15.20)×10-9、(21.50±14.02)×10-9、(33.16±25.20)×10-9,一氧化碳(CO)为(0.66±0.44)×10-6;O3体积分数小时均值最大值达146.42×10-9;O3超过国家环境空气质量二级标准14.1%.对污染物进行浓度频率分布近似得到观测期间O3、NOx和VOCs背景体积分数分别为(5.71±2.51)×10-9、(12.20±0.36)×10-9和(22.44±0.38)×10-9,CO为(0.28±0.01)×10-6.观测点污染物受周边排放源的影响较大.在风速为2~3 m·s-1的西南风作用下,VOCs中的活性物种体积分数较高,O3体积分数容易累积达到高值;偏东风主导下主要来自周边工业源和交通源的NOx、CO和VOCs体积分数易出现高值.南京亚青期间对工业生产和部分机动车采取了调控措施,O3体积分数未明显减少,并有4 d超过国家二级标准.     

南京北郊大气BTEX变化特征和健康风险评估

采用2013年3月21日~2014年2月28日GC5000在线气相色谱仪对南京北郊大气中的BTEX进行观测,利用EPA人体暴露分析评价方法对BTEX进行健康风险评估.结果表明,南京北郊大气中BTEX总量呈现春季冬季秋季夏季变化特征.BTEX浓度07:00~10:00与17:00~20:00时期较高,13:00~15:00之间最低;周末BTEX浓度高于工作日.BTEX来源包括交通源、工业源排放与溶剂挥发.BTEX四季HQ均表现为苯二甲苯乙苯甲苯,所有分析时段内HQ风险值都在安全范围.南京北郊R值呈现冬季秋季春季夏季的分布规律,R在所有分析时间都超安全阈值,存在致癌风险.     

云南省洱海北部地区农田面源污染现状及控制的补偿政策

农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明：该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、＂无公害＂农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。