陕北地区土地利用与生态承载力动态变化分析

本文研究了陕北地区2003-2007年土地利用类型结构、动态度、程度以及生态承载力的时空动态变化,并采用回归分析方法研究了陕北地区延安市、榆林市土地利用程度与人均生态承载力的关系。结果表明,陕北地区耕地、牧草地、未利用土地面积总量及其比例减小,园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、水域面积增加;土地利用程度不断降低,总生态承载力和人均生态承载力逐年递减。论文还分析讨论了土地利用动态变化对生态承载力的影响以及相应的对策建议等问题。     

Faith-based aid, globalisation and the humanitarian frontline: an analysis of Western-based Muslim aid organisations

This paper focuses on the emergence and modus operandi of Muslim faith-based aid organisations from the West, particularly those from the United Kingdom. Through case studies of Islamic Relief Worldwide and Muslim Hands, it examines the actual and potential added value generated by these humanitarian players in Muslim-majority contexts at times when aid actors from or associated with the West are being perceived by some as instrumental to the political agendas of Western powers, or are being confronted with the consequences thereof. The study analyses Muslim faith-based aid organisations' transnational networks, their implementing partnerships with local faith-based non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and their security position within and their access to insecure contexts, drawing on field examples and opinion from Central Asia, Iraq and Pakistan. It thereby argues that there is ground for an expansion of the role of Muslim aid actors, because of the existence of social and political realities in the field that cannot be always effectively tackled by the dominant international development approaches.     

Exploring the autonomous adaptation strategies to climate change and climate variability in selected villages in the rural northern savannah zone of Ghana

Evidence abounds attesting to changes in the global climate. In Ghana, climate change and climate variability have brought several exposure-sensitivities on different people and at different times. Due to the multiplicity of climate change and climate variability effects, adaptation strategies invariably could be influenced by several factors. This paper assesses the adoption of adaptation strategies in the rural northern savannah zone of Ghana as a result of climate change and variability. Using two villages each from Savelugu Nanton, West Mamprusi and Kassena Nankana East Districts, which are slightly different as case studies, the paper unearthed panoply of varied adaptation strategies in each of them including intensification of irrigation; integration of livestock production; changes in tillage practices; fertiliser application on farms; shift from agriculture to non-farm jobs; seasonal migration and purchase of drought insurance for maize. The results indicate that the relativity in adoption and utilisation of the different adaptive strategies are interlinked with geographical, social, economic, institutional and political factors and processes in the villages. The findings drum home the essentiality of location-specific planned adaptation strategies for climate change through a bottom-up approach, in order to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.     

内蒙古阴山北麓地区可持续发展问题研究

本文在分析内蒙古阴山北麓地区生态环境恶同状及其形成原因的基础上,提出了以建立一机制为主的实现可持续发展对策。     

Modeling the Potential of the Northern China Forest Shelterbelt in Improving Hydroclimate Conditions1

Abstract: The forest shelterbelt (afforestation) project in northern China is the most significant ecosystem project initiated in China during the past three decades. It aims to improve and conserve the ecological environment in the project areas. The tree belt stands along the southern edge of the sandy lands, nearly paralleling to the Great Wall. This study used a regional climate model to simulate the potential of improving regional hydroclimate conditions resulting from the afforestation project. Two simulations with preafforestation and postafforestation land cover were performed over East Asia from January 1987 to February 1988. The model resolution is 60 km. The differences between the two simulations suggest that the northern China forest shelterbelt project is likely to improve overall hydroclimate conditions by increasing precipitation, relative humidity, and soil moisture, and by reducing prevailing winds and air temperature. The effects are more significant in spring and summer than fall and winter. Changes in many hydrologic properties (e.g., evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and water yield), however, differ between the dry Northeast China and the moist Northeast China. The hydroclimate effects are also found in the surrounding areas, featured by noticeably moister conditions in the area south of the afforestation project. The results imply that the shelterbelt project would reduce water yield in afforested Northwest and North China during spring, but increase water yield in the afforested Northeast China as well as in the southern surrounding area, offset some greenhouse effects, and reduce the severity of dust storms. Possible improvements of this study by using actual afforestation data, modeling with higher resolution, longer integration and more detailed processes, and analyzing the physical mechanisms are discussed.     

华北地区CO2净排放比较优势时空特性分析

采用显示性比较优势理论,对2005-2010年我国华北地区5个省市人均CO2净排放和单位GDP CO2净排放的显示性比较优势做了分析;同时采用变异系数差异分析,结合空间自相关分析方法,对其空间格局和演变规律做了深入研究.研究发现,华北地区5省市人均CO2净排放高于全国平均水平.北京、天津、河北、山西4个省市出现下滑势头,而内蒙古自治区呈现大幅上升势头.山西单位GDP CO2净排放在全国最高,天津和北京低于全国平均水平.华北地区人均CO2净排放和单位GDP CO2净排放比较优势空间分别呈现负相关和正相关特性.     

基于RS/GIS的天山北坡经济带生态环境质量综合评价研究

本文采用综合指数评价法，以RS／GIS技术解译的土地利用／土地覆盖数据为信息源，对天山北坡经济带生态环境质量进行评价、排序及分级。结果得出：乌鲁木齐市、乌苏市、呼图壁县生态环境质量良好，沙湾县、石河子市、奎屯市、玛纳斯县生态环境质量一般，米泉市、阜康市、克拉玛依市、昌吉市生态环境质量较差；良好、一般及差的县市区域面积分别占研究区面积的39．8％、27．89％和32．29％。这种生态环境质量分异特征主要是由自然环境条件、人类经济活动、土地利用方式决定的。     

藏北高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估

藏北高寒草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障.然而,高寒草地退化使生态系统服务功能减弱,生态服务价值降低,不仅严重影响了藏北高原畜牧业生产和牧民生活,而且直接威胁到区域生态安全及东亚水资源安全.因此,本研究在综合考虑草地生态系统的地域差异性、空间异质性和区域经济发展水平差异性的基础上,选择了贡献率较高的12项指标,对藏北那曲不同类型和不同退化程度高寒草地的生态服务价值进行评估.结果表明,藏北那曲地区高寒草地生态系统的年总生态服务价值为1199.07亿元,其中,高寒草原、高寒荒漠、高寒荒漠草原和高寒草甸提供的生态服务价值分别占总生态服务价值的62.9%、1.5%、8.0%和28.1%.从退化程度上看,未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和严重退化草地提供的生态服务价值分别占总生态服务价值的54.9%、29.3%、11.0%和4.8%.     

闽北典型毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系

以中亚热带杉木林和常绿阔叶林为对照,对闽北典型毛竹林土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系进行研究,旨在探讨土壤酶活性作为竹林土壤肥力评价指标的可行性。结果表明:土壤酶活性空间差异因林分和酶而异,但整体随土层增加而减弱且差异显著;竹阔混交对提高土壤酶活性效果显著,4种酶活性均以竹阔混交林最强,杉木纯林最弱;树种组成、森林利用对土壤肥力影响显著,致使竹林土壤肥力以竹阔混交林最强,杉竹混交林次之,毛竹纯林最差,故经营竹林时可适当增加阔叶树比例;土壤酶活性尤其是蛋白酶和脲酶活性不仅与众多肥力指标显著相关,还与土壤肥力综合指数相关性显著,但它们并非该区林地土壤肥力评价的最佳指标。     

入湖河流水质对土地利用时空格局的响应研究:以洱海北部流域为例

揭示土地利用与入湖河流水质的内在联系是非点源研究的重要内容,以洱海北部流域为研究对象,从土地利用类型组成和空间格局入手,综合空间分析和统计分析方法对两者响应关系进行研究.结果表明,研究区平均坡度(SLOPE)、植被区面积百分比(VEG)作为表征土地利用类型组成的指标,与入湖河流TN和TP的关系显著,斑块密度(PD)、农业用地斑块密度(PDagr)、水体形状指数(LSIwat)作为表征土地利用空间格局的指标,与TP和NH+4-N的关系显著;类型水平下,入湖河流水质对土地利用空间格局的响应关系较景观水平强,水质响应指标为雨季TP和旱季NH+4-N,回归调整系数R2分别为0.761和0.978;旱季,入湖河流水质对土地利用的响应关系强于雨季,水质响应指标为TN、TP和NH+4-N.因此,进行洱海北部流域非点源污染治理时可考虑提高植被覆盖率和农业用地集约化程度,尽量避免旱季对自然水体的人为干扰,后续进行土地利用空间格局与入湖河流水质关系研究建议选类型水平.