渝北不同模式水源涵养林植物多样性及其与土壤特征的关系

以重庆缙云山8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林及林地土壤为研究对象,用物种多样性指数(simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pieiou指数)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)以及用土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量12个指标表征土壤的物理性状和养分特征,分析了8种群落的植物多样性、土壤特征及二者的相互关系.结果表明:物种多样性以广东山胡椒(Lindera kwangtungensis)×杉木((7unninghamia anceolata)混交林最高.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×广东山胡椒混交林次之,马尾松×柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk)混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)纯林最低.各模式林地土壤特征差异显著,以毛竹纯林土壤质量最差.在该地区针阔混交林对提高物种多样性和改良土壤作用显著,针叶林及纯林则较差.物种多样性指数与土壤特征因子的相关性分析表明,不同模式水源林群落植物多样性与土壤特征因子存在一定相关性,其中与土壤物理性状特征关系不显著,与养分特征关系显著.全N与全K与四个多样性指数呈显著或极显著的正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和有机质、阳离子交换量、速效P呈显著的正相关,特别是有机质和全N两因子与物种多样性关系最密切.     

Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea

In the northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the mucilage phenomenon is usually related to the aggregation of extracellular organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin under special seasonal and trophic conditions. Environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, nitrogen, phosphorus and N/P ratio as well as polysaccharide and monosaccharide levels in the presence and absence of mucilage were investigated in the northern Adriatic Sea. Variations in temperature and salinity during spring in years characterised by mucilage events have been recognised having an important role in preparing a favourable physical environment where mucilage formation could take place. Since the DIN/TP ratio increased markedly during the spring months (March–April) in 2002, 2003 and 2004, preceding the early summer mucilage outbreaks, it appeared that the DIN/TP ratio may be a more robust predictor than the DIN/DIP ratio, which, although more commonly used, exhibited a discontinuous trend. The contents of total carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and polysaccharides, in seawater also varied according to the presence or absence of mucilage, with an increase of polysaccharide levels during the late spring or early summer in the period of the mucilage appearance. The role of carbohydrates in the macro-aggregate formation was also investigated.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Hair and Nails of Young Pakistanis: Correlation with Dietary Elements

Hair and nail samples from young Pakistani adults were separately analyzed for quantification of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The concentrations of these metals were also analyzed in commonly consumed local foods to evaluate potential correlation of hair and nail concentrations with diet. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.349 to 0.999, demonstrating diet to be a significant contributor for accumulation of heavy metals in humans.     

Governing the ungovernable? Reflections on informal gemstone mining in high-altitude borderlands of Gilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan

The ethnically diverse high-altitude region of Gilgit-Baltistan, with its complex political history, remains relatively free from the controlling gaze of the central state apparatus of Pakistan. In these extraordinary terrain, where local communities rule the region as the “State by proxy”, informal gemstone mining provides an important supplement to livelihoods. This paper shows that gemstone mining in Gilgit-Baltistan is characterised by customary rules and regulations that are based on collective responsibility, and members follow customary authorities because they are not external to the community. It argues that the very idea of centralised “governance” of mineral resources, used widely in contexts of resource extraction as the panacea, needs to be reconsidered when dealing with the particularities of the context. It draws on the concept of ungovernability to underline the fact that sometimes it may simply be impossible to administer informal mining in the conventional sense of the term. It suggests in conclusion that informal mining, which has a long history in Pakistan and has played an increasing role as a source of rural employment and revenue, needs to be accommodated within the legal framework of mining. More importantly, to govern informal mining of gemstones, the first task would be to consider how things are currently done, understanding and respecting customary laws, and build upon them to incorporate their elements into systems that acknowledge community rights and a more equitable sharing of benefits.     

秦岭北麓平原对全球变暖的响应及其对果业发展的影响研究

论文分析了秦岭北麓8县的近41年的气候变化规律,发现该地区气候变化趋势与全国和全球相似,向暖干化方向发展。采用近41年气候特征值对苹果适宜性进行评价,发现该地区并不是苹果生长的适宜区。夏季高温、较高的相对湿度和较短的日照时数是苹果生长的不利因素。结合目前的气候变化趋势,推论出该地区苹果的病虫害将会加重,苹果质量将进一步下降。地区果业发展中,减少苹果栽种面积和优化果品生产结构仍然具有一定潜力。     

春季北支脊变化特征及其对中国气候的影响

论文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站月降水量和气温资料,通过小波、相关分析等方法,讨论了春季北支脊的变化特征及其对中国同期降水和气温的影响。结果表明：春季北支脊缓慢增强,存在2~3 a和准6 a的周期;纬向位置略向东移,具有准3 a和12 a的周期。春季北支脊偏强（弱）,黄河流域到江南地区的降水量偏少（多）,东北、西南和华南地区的降水量偏多（少）;春季北支脊纬向位置偏东（西）,中国北方大部分地区的降水量偏多（少）,西南和江南大部分地区的降水量偏少（多）;中国大部分地区的升（降）温显著。当春季北支脊纬向位置显著偏东（西）时,且强度偏强（弱）,淮河流域降水偏少（多）,东北、西南和华南地区的降水偏多（少）,中国大部分地区气温明显偏高（低）。通过对相应的环流和物理量场的分析,能较合理地解释中国春季气候异常的原因,对中国短期气候预测有一定帮助。     

暴雨前后河南北部河流水质分异特征及其污染源解析

为了探究暴雨前后河南北部河流水质分异特征并对其污染源进行识别,选取了暴雨前后6个监测断面和8个水质指标的监测数据,利用箱线图、相关性分析和绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型等方法分析了暴雨前后河南北部河流水质指标的差异性及其变化过程,并计算了污染源的绝对贡献率.结果表明,pH、 DO、 EC和TN的值暴雨后比暴雨前有所降低,而浊度、高锰酸盐指数、 NH⁺₄-N和TP的值暴雨后比暴雨前有所增加,其中TP的变化率最大为177.17%; DO、高锰酸盐指数、 NH⁺₄-N和TP暴雨后处于Ⅳ类及以上水质标准占比明显增加,增加幅度分别为65.12%、 34.26%、 15.29%和37.46%;各监测断面水质指标在暴雨前后均有不同程度的差异性,其中pH值的差异性最小,而浊度、 NH⁺₄-N和TP的差异性较大;暴雨后pH和DO与其他水质指标的相关性有所增加,而浊度、高锰酸盐指数、 NH⁺₄-N、 TP和TN相互间的相关性在暴雨后有...     

南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎体中的三氯杀螨醇

在南海北部沿岸23个观测站,于2008～2010每年春季分别采集成体近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis),取其软组织进行均质,有机溶剂超声萃取,浓硫酸净化,硅土/氧化铝柱层析,然后用气相色谱法测定其中三氯杀螨醇(DCF)。测定结果(10-9,湿重)显示:DCF含量在65.2%样本中低于检出限,在其余样本中为0.244～4.42,明显低于发达国家的最大残留限量和国际组织的容许摄入量。牡蛎体中DCF的区域平均含量在北部湾顶明显较高(1.41),在粤西(0.278)和海南岛(0.199)相对较低,在珠江口(0.769)高于总体平均含量(0.547),在粤东为0.466。牡蛎体DCF含量的年际变化明显,总体在2009年(0.778)明显高于2010年(0.489)和2008年(0.373),在不同区域、不同测站的年际变化大小不一。     

青藏高原北缘银石山地区差异隆升机制

青藏高原北缘银石山地区晚新生代区域构造体制总体为南北向挤压，其主要构造表现有EW向断裂发育及其逆冲活动导致断块的差异抬升、渐新世阿克塔什组中两期挤压褶皱构造、新构造平移断裂发育及其形成多种类型的走滑成因型湖泊等。该地区详细的野外地质调查未发现晚新生代伸展构造形迹。其新构造特征的形成机制可解释为：晚新生代岩石圈地幔的拆沉及软流圈地幔的上隆使上部岩石圈破裂和抬升，同时印度板块与塔里木板块持续的南北向挤压作用使测区总体处于强烈的区域挤压应力场中，从而使表壳地块沿破裂面产生逆冲运动，并造成差异隆升。     

塔北、塔中天然气中CO_2的碳同位素组成及成因探讨

CO2 是塔北、塔中天然气中常见的非烃组分。各油气区内的天然气中CO2 的δ13C值尽管有差别 ,但其表征的成因意义基本一致。塔中天然气中的CO2 可能存在两种来源 ,一种来源于烃源岩岩石和矿物及胶结物分解 ;第二种来自二叠纪火山活动过程中的脱气。轮台凸起构造单元上油气藏 (除雅克拉外 )中CO2来自库车坳陷T -J陆相烃源岩中有机质转化。东河塘天然气中CO2 来自寒武 -奥陶海相碳酸盐岩岩石分解及泥岩中碳酸盐矿物分解