Emissions of VOCs at Urban Petrol Retail Distribution Centres in India (Delhi and Mumbai)

Air pollution has assumed gigantic proportion killing almost half a million Asians every year. Urban pollution mainly comprises of emissions from buses, trucks, motorcycle other forms of motorized transport and its supporting activities. As Asia's cities continue to expand the number of vehicles have risen resulting in greater pollution. Fugitive emissions from retail distribution center in urban area constitute a major source. Petrol vapours escape during refueling adding pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene to ambient air. This paper discusses a study on fugitive emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) at some refueling station in two metropolitan cities of India, i.e., Mumbai and Delhi. Concentration of VOCs in ambient air at petrol retail distribution center is estimated by using TO-17 method. Concentration of benzene in ambient air in Delhi clearly shows the effect of intervention in use of petroleum and diesel fuel and shift to CNG. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model is used to estimate source contributions. At Delhi besides diesel combustion engines, refueling emissions are also major sources. At Mumbai evaporative emissions are found to contribute maximum to Total VOC (TVOC) concentration in ambient air.     

乙醇汽油与普通汽油的环保性比较

目的：通过对六个采用了乙醇汽油的地区使用前后空气数据的基础对比,并辅以乙醇汽油与普通汽油的优缺点及使用环境区别比较,分析了采用乙醇汽油的优点及一些局限性。 方法：从乙醇汽油试点城市中,选取黑龙江、辽宁、山东、湖北、河南、广西六省市调研,采集了其某一周期空气数据进行对比分析。 结果：用取得数据和上年同期对比,发现使用乙醇汽油的城市,其机动车有害尾气排放量有所降低,从而一定程度上提升了空气质量。 结论：乙醇汽油在缓解能源压力和环保方面,较普通汽油相比均有着优势。     

Improving body posture while fueling with a newly designed pump nozzle

Background. Although petrol pumps are a very common and highly used simple technology, their design consideration for comfort and safety to prevent high-pressure load and musculoskeletal injuries to the body is a neglected area in many countries including Iran. Objectives. This study attempted to design a new pump nozzle, and to assess the differences in musculoskeletal load related to body posture when a price/volume display is mounted on the pump nozzle. Methods. For postural analysis, photographs recording the posture of 100 randomly selected customers while fueling at petrol pumps and the rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) technique were used. Results. The results of this study showed that RULA scores improved significantly after the newly designed pump nozzle was used. Conclusion. The newly designed pump nozzle is useful in reducing load related to body posture while fueling.     

汽车尾气对人精子运动能力影响探讨

采用［日］岛津AA－670型原子吸收分光光度计,四唑氮蓝（Nitro－BT）染色法,及图象分析仪（MIAS－300）分析了交通警察和男性师生两人群精液的精子运动能力参数和血铅水平。结果显示：与对照组比较,交警组精子活动能力降低（P＜0.05）,精子琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性明显抑制（P＜0.001）。而且SDH活性与血铅水平呈负相关。认为交警精子活动能力下降可能和铅干扰精子线粒体能量代谢有关。     

地下水浅埋区某加油站特征污染物空间分布

加油站渗漏污染地下水已经是一个世界性的问题。由于浅埋区加油站储罐与地下水密切接触,更加剧储罐的腐蚀。为揭示加油站渗漏的典型污染物石油烃（TPH）、苯系物（BTEX）、萘和甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）在该水文地质条件下的迁移变化,在浅埋区某加油站开展了平、枯、丰水期的地下水监测工作。在水平分布上,TPH、BTEX、萘基本相似,均在加油岛附近形成高浓度区,而MTBE则更易随地下水流动而迁移,呈现出不同的污染晕。在垂直分布上,地下水的水位变动是污染物浓度分布的主要影响因素。     

油指纹多元统计分析在鉴别地表水石油类污染来源中的应用研究

采用油指纹多元统计方法,对嘉兴市杭州塘和长山河水系沿岸加油站9个不同来源的轻质柴油进行了分类鉴别,并考察了风化的影响.结果表明:仅基于GC-MS谱图,很难对不同轻质柴油的来源进行鉴别;但基于GC-MS谱图,提取正构烷烃及多环芳烃特征比值,进一步采用多元统计方法,可以对不同来源的轻质柴油进行区分.考虑实际水环境中油污染物会风化,向河水中投入两种轻质柴油,考察了不同初始浓度和不同风化时间下的油指纹变化,发现油污染物初始浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,所有特征比值在风化过程中均极不稳定,无法用于分类鉴别;油污染物初始浓度达到1.0 mg·L~(-1)及以上时,特征比值C_(17)/Pr、C_(18)/Ph在风化5 d内可用作油指纹的鉴别指标,5 d后无法用于鉴别;特征比值Pr/Ph、(C_(19)+C_(20))/(C_(21)+C_(22))、CPI受风化时间影响小,始终可以作为油指纹鉴别的特征指标.     

基于模糊层次综合法的加油站现状评价模型及应用

随着社会经济的飞速发展,加油站迅速遍布城乡各地.采用科学、合理的评价方法对加油站的安全现状作出客观的评价以保障其安全生产具有重大意义.建立1种将模糊层次综合评价法应用于加油站安全现状评价的模型,并通过实例论证了该评价模型能有机地将加油站的安全管理因素、设备设施因素、人员因素和环境因素等结合起来,科学、客观地反映出系统现状的安全性和各因素对系统安全性的影响大小,为加油站的安全评价提供了一种有效的综合评价方法,具有一定的实用价值.     

Composition of torched crude oil organic particulate emitted by refinery and its similarity to atmospheric aerosol in the surrounding area

The absolute contents and relative distributions of organic aerosols [n-alkanes, n-alkanoic and n-alkenoic acids, n-alkan-2-ones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)] were determined in torched gases emitted during the crude oil extraction and in the free atmosphere of the Hassi-Messaoud city (Algeria). Monocarboxylic acids, both saturated and monounsaturated (from 9802 to 20 057 ng m⁻³), accounted for the major fraction of the total particulate organic matter identified both in torch exhaust and atmospheric particulate. n-Alkanes were also abundant both in the direct emission (from 460 to 632 ng m⁻³) and city atmosphere (462 ng m⁻³) and displayed a peculiar fingerprint characterised by the presence of a set of branched congeners around even carbon-numbered homologues and a strong even-to-odd predominance along the whole carbon number range (C₁₆–C₃₄). Whilst n-alkan-2-ones were absent in the city and poor in smokes emitted from the torches (from 31 to 42 ng m⁻³), PAH were present at low extents in all sites (from 18 to 65 ng m⁻³). The incomplete thermal combustion of torched crude oil was very likely the main source of these particle-bound organic constituents in the city and its surrounding region.     

Lead Content of Petrol and Diesel and its Assessment in an Urban Environment

Pakistan is one of the few countries in Asia thatcontinues to use only leaded-petrol as vehicular fuel. Theconcentration of Pb in its petrol reported in 1991 was thehighest (1.5 – 2.0 g Pb L^-1) of all produced by the various Asiancountries and far exceeded the WHOs guideline of 0.15 g Pb L^-1. We have undertaken a study to trace and quantify this toxicelement in the environs of Karachi, Pakistans major metropolis,having more than 30% of the nations total number of vehicles.In this article we report the Pb contents of petrol and dieselcurrently manufactured and marketed in the city. Samples of`Regular petrol collected in 1999 was found to contain 0.363 gPb L^-1 (range: 0.335 – 0.390 g Pb L^-1), a factor of 5 lower than thatmarketed prior to 1991. Its concentration in diesel fuel was muchlower (0.017 g Pb L^-1). Based on the available statistical data onthe type and volume of vehicular traffic, we assessed that thecurrent lead emission from vehicular traffic into the atmosphereis 391 metric tons a year, which is a factor of 2.7 lower thanthat estimated for 1989.     

中国未来粮食问题的忧患--以石油、煤为原料的化石农业将终结

现代农业的成就是建立在石油化学工业上的，所以被称之为“石油农业”。但是随着石油资源的枯竭，石油农业也将终结。作者讨论了这个危机，研究了替代石油的煤及相关的农业问题。结论是石油和煤的枯竭及开采困难；21世纪中晚期中国的粮食问题将面临严重困难。