SBR改良工艺处理北京市城乡结合部污水的研究

通过采用SBR改良工艺处理城乡结合部生活污水的试验,根据城乡结合部污水的特点,采用SBR改良工艺,研究工艺的处理效果、水量波动和排水位置对处理效果的影响。结果表明,SBR改良工艺对城乡结合部污水有良好的处理效果;SBR改良工艺耐冲击负荷能力大,在连续2倍进水量的情况下,仍有良好的处理效果;降低排水位置对出水SS有一定的影响,但SBR工艺的污泥沉降效果好。     

坡位对马尾松林下土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物特性影响

以我国南方花岗岩区退化马尾松林地土壤为研究对象,通过典型样地调查方法研究不同坡位（坡上、坡中,坡底）马尾松对土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物学性质的影响。结果表明,0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤w（有机质）、w（全氮）、w（碱解氮）和w（速效钾）坡位间差异均显著（p〈0.05）,其中w（有机质）和w（全氮）均表现为坡底〉坡中〉坡上;而w（全磷）和w（全钾）位间差异不显著;3坡位中坡底土壤w（粘粒）较高容重较小。土壤酶活性坡位间差异不显著,可能受林分密度影响较大。两土层微生物生物量碳氮与土壤呼吸强度均为坡底最大,且与有机质和全氮相关性分别达显著（p〈0.05）和极显著（p〈0.01）正相关,但在微生物对碳利用效率、有机碳氮累积程度等方面坡位间差异不显著。所以,对养分瘠薄且易受侵蚀的花岗岩红壤区域,马尾松作为恢复植被须谨慎选择。     

高危岗位矿工个体风险感知影响因素仿真研究

为探索高危岗位矿工风险感知的影响因素,在文献研究和复杂适应系统理论分析基础上,从个体角度构建矿工风险感知影响因素的系统动力学模型。运用Vensim 软件模拟仿真各工作时间段中,矿工风险感知水平及各因素对其影响的动态演化过程。研究表明:工作初期,情绪稳定性水平对风险感知水平促进效果显著,工作倦怠的抑制作用较突出;在工作后期,自我效能感对风险感知水平的削弱影响显著,风险规避态度则发挥较大的促进作用;风险知识经验超出一定范围会对风险感知水平起到反作用;安全教育培训与安全监管对风险感知水平的促进作用相对稳定持久。因此,煤矿企业应根据各因素在工作时间段的不同作用,采取相应措施以提高矿工风险感知水平。     

阜新露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤质量分异特征

以阜新露天煤矿排土场边坡为对象,分析坡向、坡位和恢复年限对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状的影响,并采用土壤质量综合指数法,研究排土场边坡植被恢复过程中土壤质量变化规律.结果表明,排土场边坡土壤含水量、有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量、pH值以及脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性从坡上到坡下均逐渐增加;恢复10a阴坡土壤含水量、水稳性团聚体含量、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性高于阳坡;随着恢复年限增加,土壤水稳性团聚体和速效磷含量及阴坡碱性磷酸酶活性提高,而土壤pH值、阳坡碱解氮含量及脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降.排土场边坡土壤质量表现为阴坡>阳坡、坡下>坡中>坡上的变化规律;随着恢复年限增加,阳坡坡上和坡中及阴坡土壤质量增加,而阳坡坡下下降.以上结果说明,坡位和坡向是影响排土场边坡土壤质量的重要因素,应根据具体生境特点,采取不同治理措施,才能完成生态恢复.     

特大断面公路隧道线型感温火灾探测系统适用性研究

随着我国公路交通量日益增多,大断面、特大断面公路隧道不断涌现,可靠、有效的隧道火灾探测越来越重要。选取了6种典型的隧道断面,综合考虑探测器类型、纵向风速、火源功率、火源位置等因素,运用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS分析了系列火灾场景下温度、烟气分布、探测器报警时间、报警位置偏移量等特性。研究结果表明: 隧道断面尺寸、纵向风速越大,感温探测器报警时间越长。通过对顶棚烟气温度的分析,发现特大断面隧道中线型感温探测系统采用差温报警较定温报警更有效。在使用差温报警时,纵向通风会使报警位置发生偏移,报警位置偏移量d与隧道纵向风速v、火源到隧道顶棚距离Hd满足线性关系式:d=6.404v+0.923Hd-6.762。随着隧道断面尺寸的增大,需要敷设更多的感温光纤以在规定时间(60 s)内探测到火灾。对于高度H≥12 m的隧道,即使增设多条感温光纤,也无法在60 s内有效报警,需补充设置基于火焰和烟气特征的非接触式火灾探测器。     

Multiscale Drivers of Water Chemistry of Boreal Lakes and Streams

The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon, TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3% (streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables (9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and 3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes) and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management) endeavors.     

Oceanographic and biogeochemical drivers cause divergent trends in the nitrogen isoscape in a changing Arctic Ocean

Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N) are used to study food web and foraging dynamics due to the step-wise enrichment of tissues with increasing trophic level, but they rely on the isoscape baseline that varies markedly in the Arctic due to the interplay between Atlantic- and Pacific-origin waters. Using a hierarchy of simulations with a state-of-the-art ocean-biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that the canonical isotopic gradient of 2–3‰ between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Arctic Ocean has grown to 3–4‰ and will continue to expand under a high emissions climate change scenario by the end of the twenty-first century. δ¹⁵N increases in the Pacific-influenced high Arctic due to increased primary production, while Atlantic sector decreases result from the integrated effects of Atlantic inflow and anthropogenic inputs. While these trends will complicate longitudinal food web studies using δ¹⁵N, they may aid those focussed on movement as the Arctic isoscape becomes more regionally distinct.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01635-6.     

基于强度理论及虚拟仿真相结合的行星减速机构可靠性分析

基于破煤理论建立了采煤机的力学模型,采用ADAMS建立采煤机刚柔耦合模型,并解决了边界条件添加、接触法向力提取等技术问题,分析了行星轴、架的可靠性;基于行星减速机构强度校核基本原理,开发了行星齿轮强度校核软件,以虚拟仿真中的动态接触法向力为输入,对某公司两种行星减速机构设计方案中各齿轮的接触应力和弯曲应力进行研究。该方法解决了传统分析中齿轮受力无法确定以及采用有限元软件无法求解齿根弯曲应力、求解接触应力时间过长的不足。结果表明:二级行星减速机构采用4行星轮结构要优于采用3行星轮方案,传动更稳定、可靠。     

出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化的影响

研究出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化的影响。垂直潜流人工湿地以间歇进水方式运行,进水水力负荷为0.125m3/(m2.d),进水来自南宁市琅东污水处理厂初沉池出水。研究结果表明,出水口位置对垂直潜流人工湿地净化有显著影响。与底部出水相比,中部出水的TN、SS和COD去除率分别提高了8.01%、8.48%、7.99%,出水NO-3-N质量浓度降低了9.38 mg/L;但NH+4-N去除率则降低了26.25%,TP去除率降低了21.21%。