点火位置对污水管网可燃气体爆燃特性影响模拟研究

针对典型市政污水管网内可燃气体爆燃过程,采用流体动力学软件Fluidyn,建立了由顶端封闭、深度为4 m的竖直检查井和两端开口、长度各为20 m的水平井构成的管网模型,研究了不同点火位置（检查井上部、中部和下部）对甲烷爆燃特性的影响。研究结果表明:不同位置点火时,管网内测点压力时程呈现出亥姆霍兹振荡,各压力峰值曲线具有明显的分段性,且相同测点的数值接近;爆炸温度在点火位置附近出现最大值,其中上部点火时数值最大,中部点火时居中,下部点火时最小,但在水平井内温度峰值近似呈线性衰减并在端口出现最小值;与下部点火相比,上部和中部点火时,检查井和水平井连接处扩容效应造成火焰传播速度衰减显著,但在水平井内均近似呈线性增大并在端口出现最大值。     

能源甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态、光合气体交换及其与产量关系

利用CI-203叶面积分析仪和CI-301CO2气体分析仪分析4个能源甘蔗品种分蘖期和伸长初期不同叶位层叶片的形态特征和光合气体交换特征参数.结果表明,不同基因型不同叶位层间叶片形态、光合气体交换特征参数存在显著差异.分蘖期和伸长初期蔗叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、长宽比等叶片形态参数和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率等光合气体交换特征参数均表现为随着叶位的下降,自上而下逐渐变小.逐步回归分析结果表明,分蘖期第3叶的叶宽和水分利用率及第5叶的叶宽对产量形成影响较大;而伸长初期第1叶和第3叶的叶面积对产量形成影响较大.图8表4参15     

Determinants of vigilance behavior in the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua): the importance of within-group spatial position

Individuals living in social groups are predicted to live under unequal predation risk due to their spatial location within the group. Previous work has indicated that individuals located at the edge of groups have higher “domains of danger”, thus are more likely to engage in vigilance or antipredator behavior. We studied the determinants of vigilance behavior in two groups of ring-tailed coatis in Iguazu National Park, Argentina. In addition to the expected pattern that coatis were more vigilant at the edge of the group, we found that individuals were particularly vigilant at the front edge of the group. This pattern conforms to predictions of differing predation risk caused by sit-and-wait predators with respect to mobile animal groups. In addition, coatis exhibited less vigilance when the number of neighbors within 5 m and group size increased. Of the three spatial variables tested, within-group spatial position was the most important predictor variable determining vigilance levels. These results confirm that spatial position has major effects on vigilance behavior, and that group directionality is an important factor which should be taken into account when measuring vigilance behavior. Coatis were more vigilant when juveniles less than 6 months old were in the groups. The presence of these young juveniles also affected the relationship between alarm response and vigilance levels. Coatis were more vigilant after strong alarm reactions, but only when young juveniles were not present in the groups. This may indicate that coatis give differential responses to alarm calls depending on the age of the caller. A comparison of antipredator vigilance between coatis and sympatric capuchin monkeys is consistent with the hypothesis that terrestriality leads to higher perceive predation risk for coatis.     

出口位置对恐慌条件下小白鼠逃生效率的影响

通过燃烧的香所产生的烟气驱动小白鼠在恐慌条件下逃生,研究了群集效应下出口位置对恐慌疏散效率的影响。试验采用90只雌性小白鼠。出口宽2 cm,设置位于中间、靠近边界一侧、距离边界一侧2 cm、距离边界一侧10 cm和距离边界一侧20 cm 5种工况。每种工况试验前,首先对小白鼠进行逃生训练,使其熟悉出口位置。然后对每种工况进行若干次试验,分别记录每只小白鼠通过出口的时间。结果表明,出口位置对恐慌条件下的疏散效率有明显影响,边界出口效率明显高于中间出口,最优的出口位置是距离边界一侧2 cm处。     

我国大陆区域旅游业发展优势的动态比较

依据近10年相关数据资料，从旅游总人数、旅游总收入及其占GDP比例、入境旅游区位熵和国内旅游区位熵五方面对我国各旅游带的发展优势进行了动态比较与分析，结果显示：（1）我国近10年各旅游带游客总量与旅游收入都呈明显增长趋势，但各带间的旅游业发展差异越来越明显，其中吴越文化旅游带发展优势最明显；（2）各年度旅游收入占GDP的比例呈波浪式变化，但总体上略呈上升趋势。其中京华古今、吴越文化、岭南文化三大带旅游业对经济发展的贡献较大；（3）各旅游带之间入境旅游区位熵相差较大，但总体有逐步缩小趋势，其中丝路寻踪、岭南文化与世界屋脊旅游带在吸引入境游客方面具有较明显竞争优势；各带之间国内旅游区位熵相差不大，旅游竞争差异不明显。     

Biofidelity Corridors for Sternum Kinematics in Low-Speed Side Impacts

Objective: Field data show that side impact car crashes have become responsible for a greater proportion of the fatal crashes compared to frontal crashes, which suggests that the protection gained in frontal impact has not been matched in side impact. One of the reasons is the lack of understanding of the torso injury mechanisms in side impact. In particular, the deformation of the rib cage and how it affects the mechanical loading of the individual ribs have yet to be established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the ribcage deformation in side impacts by describing the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine.

Methods: The 3D kinematics of the 1st and of the 5th or 6th thoracic vertebrae and of the sternum were obtained for three Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) impacted laterally by a rigid wall traveling at 15 km/h. The experimental data were processed to express the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine throughout the impact event. Methods were developed to interpolate the kinematics of the vertebrae for which experimental data were not available.

Results: The kinematics of the sternocostal junction for ribs 1 to 6 as well as the orientation of the sternum were expressed in the vertebra coordinate systems defined for each upper thoracic vertebra (T1 to T6). Corridors were designed for the motion of the sternum relative to each vertebra. In the experiments, the sternum moved upward for all rib levels (1 to 6), and away from the spine with an amplitude that increased with the decreasing rib level (from rib 1 to rib 6). None of the differences observed in the kinematics could be correlated to the occurrence of rib fractures.

Conclusions: This study provides both qualitative and quantitative information for the ribcage skeletal kinematics in side impact. This data set provides the information required to better evaluate computational models of the thorax for side impact simulations. The corridors developed in this study provide new biofidelity targets for the impact response of the ribcage. This study contributes to augmenting the state of knowledge of the human chest deformation in side impact to better characterize the rib fracture mechanisms.     

Effect of ignition position on the run-up distance to DDT for hydrogen-air explosions

The method described in this paper enabled reliable and accurate positioning of an overdriven detonation by calculation of shock wave velocities (detonation and retonation) for hydrogen explosions in a closed 18 m long horizontal DN150 pipe. This enabled an empirical correlation between the ignition position and the run-up distance to DDT to be determined. It was shown that the initial ability of the flame to expand unobstructed and the piston-like effect of burnt gas expanding against the closed end of the tube contributed to initial flame acceleration and hence were able to affect the run-up distance to overdriven detonation. Flame speeds and rates of initial pressure rise were also used to explain how these two competing effects were able to produce a minimum in the run-up distance to DDT. The shortest run-up distance to DDT, relative to the ignition position, for this pipe and gas configuration was found when the ignition position was placed 5.6 pipe diameters (or 0.9 m) from the closed pipe end. The shortest run-up distance to DDT relative to the end of the pipe was recorded when the ignition source was placed 4.4 pipe diameters or 0.7 m from the pipe end.     

Graphs of grief and other green feelings: the uses of affect in the study of environmental communication

ABSTRACT

How can theories of affect and felt emotions be useful in studying the communication of environmental crises? Beginning from tears spilt over a graph of transgressed planetary boundaries published in an academic paper, this article explores the presentation in graphic visual forms of affective imagery and a growing sophistication amongst scientists, policymakers and activist communicators in the visualization of information, data and stories employed to carry the often difficult and complex messages of current earth systems crises. Critically, this article attends to the “emotion work” of such images. Taking a lead from cultural sociology and attempting to elucidate the relationship between societies under pressure and its choice of texts, this article considers the environmental documentary Cowspiracy [Anderson, K., & Kuhn, K. (2014). Cowspiracy. San Francisco, CA: AUM Films & First Spark Media.] to ask questions of affect’s relation to expressions of the earth systems crisis, which is also a crisis of culture.     

机械雾化微油点火小油枪在300 MW亚临界控制循环锅炉中的应用

针对传统电站锅炉点火油枪耗油量大、燃尽率低、污染大等问题,阐述了微油点火燃烧器的工作原理、结构和辅助系统,介绍了微油点火在莱城电厂的实际应用情况,并对运行中存在的问题,提出了相应的改进措施。实践证明,微油点火改造后,节油率达到了86%,为电站锅炉节油降耗提供了技术支持。     

Effect of topography on nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat fields in Central France

We assessed nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions at shoulder and foot-slope positions along three sloping sites (1.6–2.1%) to identify the factors controlling the spatial variations in emissions. The three sites received same amounts of total nitrogen (N) input at 170 kg N ha⁻¹. Results showed that landscape positions had a significant, but not consistent effect on N₂O fluxes with larger emission in the foot-slope at only one of the three sites. The effect of soil inorganic N (NH₄⁺ + NO₃⁻) contents on N₂O fluxes (r² = 0.55, p < 0.001) was influenced by water-filled pore space (WFPS). Soil N₂O fluxes were related to inorganic N at WFPS > 60% (r² = 0.81, p < 0.001), and NH₄⁺ contents at WFPS < 60% (r² = 0.40, p < 0.01), respectively. Differences in WFPS between shoulder and foot-slope correlated linearly with differences in N₂O fluxes (r² = 0.45, p < 0.001). We conclude that spatial variations in N₂O emission were regulated by the influence of hydrological processes on soil aeration intensity.