Gathering “wild” food in the city: rethinking the role of foraging in urban ecosystem planning and management

Recent “green” planning initiatives envision food production, including urban agriculture and livestock production, as desirable elements of sustainable cities. We use an integrated urban political ecology and human–plant geographies framework to explore how foraging for “wild” foods in cities, a subversive practice that challenges prevailing views about the roles of humans in urban green spaces, has potential to also support sustainability goals. Drawing on research from Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle, we show that foraging is a vibrant and ongoing practice among diverse urban residents in the USA. At the same time, as reflected in regulations, planning practices, and attitudes of conservation practitioners, it is conceptualised as out of place in urban landscapes and an activity to be discouraged. We discuss how paying attention to urban foraging spaces and practices can strengthen green space planning and summarise opportunities for and challenges associated with including foragers and their concerns.     

Postemergence Control of Microstegium vimineum on Riparian Restoration Sites with Aquatic‐Use Registered Herbicides

Microstegium vimineum is an invasive grass introduced from Asia that has spread throughout riparian areas of the eastern United States threatening native riparian vegetation. Postemergence (POST) herbicides registered for aquatic use were evaluated for control of M. vimineum on two riparian restoration sites in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. This study found that standard and lower than standard rates of diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr reduced weed stem density and biomass at 6 and 30 weeks after treatment (WAT). Both rates of bispyribac and penoxsulam provided less control of M. vimineum. Visual ratings showed both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr controlled 63‐100% of M. vimineum at 6 WAT and 84‐100% at 30 WAT. Fluridone and glyphosate provided slightly less control. Bispyribac and penoxsulam treatments provided less control at 6 and 30 WAT compared to the other treatments. Plots treated with both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr were nearly devoid of all vegetation at 30 WAT. Recommendations include POST application of lower than standard rates of diquat, flumioxazin, fluridone, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr on riparian restoration sites infested with M. vimineum. Immediate vegetation management measures including temporary and permanent plant cover should be employed on treated sites where weeds are completely eradicated to prevent erosion.     

三江平原湿地植物物种空间分异规律的探讨

研究了三江平原典型湿地在地形、水分等因素制约下的植物物种空间分异规律,包括垂直分异规律和水平分异规律。首先,按照地形和水分的分异组合特点,把湿地生境分为较干燥生境、季节积水生境和常年积水生境。然后,在各个生境内采用样方法和样线法调查植物物种。调查分为20世纪70年代、80年代和2003年3个时期,范围包括三江平原的典型湿地植物群落。数据分析时采用了生境组合法。即把3个不同的生境组合成一个水分(或地形)梯度带,根据频度和多度指标筛选出主要物种,然后按照其空间位置,列出主要植物物种沿水分梯度带的分布序列。研究发现:三江平原湿地不同生境的植物物种组合和垂直分异差别明显。较干燥生境的植被类型以岛状林群落为代表,乔木、灌木和草本植物层次分明。季节性积水生境的植被类型以小叶章群落为代表,是典型的湿草甸植物群落,垂直结构不明显。常年积水生境以毛果苔草群落为代表,植物群落层次也比较明显。植物物种水平分异规律,基本上可由植物物种空间分布序列图来代表。随着地势降低,水分增多,乔、灌植物,湿草甸植物,水生草本植物在特定的空间依次出现。     

不同改良剂对重金属污染农田水稻产量和重金属吸收的影响

探讨了石灰、过磷酸钙和有机物等改良剂的应用对水稻(oryzasativa)产量和重金属吸收的影响。实验共四种处理:T1,对照;T2,石灰(0.25kg·m-2);T3,石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2);T4,石灰 过磷酸钙 有机物(0.90kg·m-2)。叶面喷施的处理方法研究不多,因此结合在水稻的孕穗期喷施KH2PO4(0.3%)溶液研究喷施途径的处理效果。结果显示,T3处理即石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2),对于降低水稻体内的重金属含量效果最好,与对照相比,米中的Pb、Zn和Cd分别下降了61.8%、14.1%和45.1%,同时也使水稻茎叶中的Pb和Zn分别比对照下降8.1%和4.3%。另外,在水稻的叶面喷施KH2PO4溶液将水稻的产量从0.61kg·m-2提高到0.68kg·m-2,并且这种喷施措施也能有效地降低水稻中的重金属含量。     

植物线粒体基因转录水平表达研究方法的建立

以茎瘤芥雄性不育系为材料,在已有文献的基础上,对常规方法进行改进,使植物线粒体分离、线粒体切片观察、线粒体RNA提取、反转录方法、PCR扩增、northern杂交等方法系统化,建立了一整套比较有效的适合于植物线粒体基因转录水平表达分析的方法.图4参12     

接种降解菌对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯降解的影响

邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯〔Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP〕是农田土壤中常被检出的有毒有机污染物,在土壤中有较长的持留性,微生物降解是其从土壤中消失的主要途径.本文采用温室盆栽试验研究了接种两株从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到的高效DEHP降解菌及其混合菌悬液降解土壤中DEHP污染的效果,以及土壤中添加葡萄糖和种植作物对其降解效率的影响.结果表明,在土壤初始DEHP浓度为100mg kg-1的条件下,接种两种降解菌及其混合菌悬液都可显著提高土壤中DEHP消失的速率,其残留半衰期比不接种对照缩短了32~48d,但在相同条件下接种不同降解菌的处理之间没有显著差异.土壤中添加0.6%的葡萄糖虽然可以强烈地促进土壤微生物的整体活性,但并没有提高修复效率,反而在短期内延缓了降解菌对DEHP的降解,延长了DEHP在土壤中持留的半衰期;植物生长可显著提高降解菌的降解效率,降低土壤中DEHP的残留浓度.研究结果同时也表明,只添加葡萄糖或只种植植物对土壤中DEHP的降解并没有显著的影响.图3表4参14     

苯酚胁迫下罗非鱼组织中过氧化氢酶与谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的动态变化

以奥尼杂交罗非鱼(Oreochromisaureus♂×Oreochromisniloticus♀)为试验鱼类,研究了其暴露于不同质量浓度苯酚后组织中过氧化氢酶CAT和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶GST活性的动态变化。结果表明,罗非鱼肌肉和肝脏组织中的CAT正常值分别为8.56±0.2U·mg-1和15.48±0.1U·mg-1,GST的正常值分别为4.39±0.20U·mg-1和13.30±0.31U·mg-1,均是肝脏组织高于肌肉组织。采用不同质量浓度的苯酚处理罗非鱼25d,除了0.002mg·L-1质量浓度组罗非鱼体内CAT和GST与对照组相比无显著差异外,其余各质量浓度组的CAT和GST均发生了明显的变化,两者的变化趋势相近。CAT的变化规律为低质量浓度组先升高后降低,高质量浓度组不断下降。即低质量浓度苯酚对罗非鱼体内的CAT具有一定的诱导作用,而高质量浓度表现为抑制作用,可使鱼体内的CAT失活,且这种变化幅度肝脏比肌肉大。GST的变化规律为先升高后降低,即苯酚对罗非鱼体内的GST具有先诱导后抑制的作用。研究表明,0.002mg·L-1质量浓度以下的苯酚对罗非鱼没有生化毒性影响,罗非鱼组织中的CAT和GST可作为生物标志物来评价酚类污染物对鱼类的生化毒性。     

秦皇岛港建设绿色企业文化探析

建设绿色企业文化是秦皇岛港实现绿色发展的前提,对港口的发展有深远的意义和重要作用.秦皇岛港应从强化领导意识、提高职工素质、完善绿色制度体系、构建绿色企业形象等方面入手建设港口绿色企业文化.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术综合评价研究

应用模糊数学原理和层次分析法,从经济、技术和环境三方面综合评价烟气脱硫技术,使烟气脱硫技术的选择更科学。以五种典型烟气脱硫技术为评价对象,应用该综合评价方法得出石灰石-石膏法较优的结论。     

A process integration approach to industrial water conservation: a case study for a Chinese steel plant

A systematic approach to optimizing water network has traditionally been utilized to exam and plan water conservation in industrial processes. In the present case study, water-pinch technology was used to analyze and optimize the water network of a steel plant near China's Zhangjiakou city. A system design was developed and a limiting constraint (Cl(-) concentration) was identified based on investigations of water quality then the minimum freshwater and wastewater targets were determined without considering water losses. The analysis was then extended by calculating the additional input of freshwater required to balance the actual water losses. A nearest-neighbor algorithm (NNA) was used to distribute the freshwater and recycled water among each of the plant's operations. The results showed that with some reconstruction of the water network, the flow rates of freshwater and wastewater could be decreased by 57.5% and 81.9%, respectively.