高聚物的老化试验

自然大气暴露和人工加速老化都是评价高聚物老化特性的常用方法。介绍了各种老化方法的特点、应用和相关标准。     

超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象,建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置.考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标,掌握放大规律,为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据.经过3000h长时间连续试运行,系统出水水质稳定,出水浊度低于1.0 NTU,悬浮物和含油量低于1.00 mg/L,矿化度低于1000 mg/L,水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求,证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的.     

阴-阳离子有机膨润土制备及其对铅离子的吸附

用十八烷基三甲基溴化铵（STAB）和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）共同改性膨润土制备阴．阳离子有机膨润土,并用红外光谱分析法、热分析法和X粉晶衍射分析进行了表征;考察了阴-阳离子有机膨润土对铅离子的吸附性能。结果表明,用0．5CEC（cationexchangecapacity）十八烷基三甲基溴化铵和0．4CEC十二烷基苯磺酸钠改性的膨润土吸附铅的效果最佳;阴-阳离子有机膨润土吸附铅离子的能力比改性前明显增加,达到吸附平衡所需要的时间缩短;pH值强烈影响有机膨润土对铅离子吸附;有机膨润土对铅离子等温吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型;吸附热力学分析表明该吸附是一个放热过程,降低温度有利于铅离子的吸附。     

Effects of near‐future ocean acidification,fishing, and marine protection on a temperate coastal ecosystem

Understanding ecosystem responses to global and local anthropogenic impacts is paramount to predicting future ecosystem states. We used an ecosystem modeling approach to investigate the independent and cumulative effects of fishing, marine protection, and ocean acidification on a coastal ecosystem. To quantify the effects of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level, we used information from the peer‐reviewed literature on the effects of ocean acidification. Using an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model for the Wellington south coast, including the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (MR), New Zealand, we predicted ecosystem responses under 4 scenarios: ocean acidification + fishing; ocean acidification + MR (no fishing); no ocean acidification + fishing; no ocean acidification + MR for the year 2050. Fishing had a larger effect on trophic group biomasses and trophic structure than ocean acidification, whereas the effects of ocean acidification were only large in the absence of fishing. Mortality by fishing had large, negative effects on trophic group biomasses. These effects were similar regardless of the presence of ocean acidification. Ocean acidification was predicted to indirectly benefit certain species in the MR scenario. This was because lobster (Jasus edwardsii) only recovered to 58% of the MR biomass in the ocean acidification + MR scenario, a situation that benefited the trophic groups lobsters prey on. Most trophic groups responded antagonistically to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and marine protection (46%; reduced response); however, many groups responded synergistically (33%; amplified response). Conservation and fisheries management strategies need to account for the reduced recovery potential of some exploited species under ocean acidification, nonadditive interactions of multiple factors, and indirect responses of species to ocean acidification caused by declines in calcareous predators.     

城市居住区空气中苯系物的测定来源分析

本文讨论了城市居住区空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的采集、测量和来源的识别方法，分别在受污染居住区和未受污染居住区，用活性炭吸收、气相色谱法测定苯系物。通过日变化规律对比方法和各种苯系物之间浓度相关性的观察，判断居住区苯系物的来源，为环境管理和污染防治提供科学依据。     

城市的发展与火灾防治

随着经济的快速增长，火灾将会成为一个突出的灾害问题。作为经济发展中心的城市，火灾危险因素大大增加，因此，在城市的发展和改造过程中，应当同时抓好防火安全保障体系的建设，大力发展消防科技，并应加强防火安全教育，以便把火灾危害减少到最低限度     

Biophoton emission,free radical and toxicity of benzene to aquatic biosystems

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高盐量循环水的缓蚀试验研究

矿井酸性水中和后循环应用的主要问题是高盐量造成的腐蚀问题。通过对高盐量循环水的腐蚀试验,得出腐蚀速度CR与总盐量、时间的相互关系,通过对缓蚀剂的筛选试验,得出SEH+SPZ缓蚀配方,并确定其应用条件。该研究为缺水的盐碱地区矿业用水提供了有益的途径和借鉴。     

高温油品泄漏图象特性的实验研究

通过对不同性质的高温油品发生泄漏时图象特性的分析,工出泄漏油品蒸汽浓度与图象灰度之间的关系。在此基础上通过图象处理技术来判别出现的物质是否为泄漏油品,从而实现高温油品泄漏火灾的早期报警。     

Consumer response to integrated pest management and certification

This study investigated consumer awareness of integrated pest management (IPM) and the effects of two marketing strategies. Specific objectives were to find whether eastern Massachusetts farmstand and farmers' market customers purchasing sweet corn care how their food is grown, whether they are aware of IPM, whether they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn and why, and whether the marketing methods presently available to IPM-certified growers can enhance awareness of IPM. In 1993, the Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with the IPM Program at the University of Massachusetts began a pilot IPM certification program for sweet corn and strawberries, designated ‘Partners with Nature’ (PWN). This study compared a ‘passive’ and ‘active’ PWN marketing strategy with a control that did not have any PWN publicity. The passive strategy was simply display of a PWN certificate and poster. The active strategy also included newspaper advertisements, clear labeling of corn as IPM-certified at the point of selection, a PWN sticker placed on bags of corn at payment, personally thanking customers for ‘buying our IPM-certified sweet corn’, and IPM brochures available to customers. Thirty purchasers of IPM-grown corn were interviewed at each of six farmstands and six farmers' markets.The dominant reason why customers patronize farmstands and farmers' markets was convenience. As found by other northeastern surveys, awareness of IPM was low: only 19% had heard of IPM before the survey, and only 38% of these could mention a specific method used in IPM. Although 45% of the respondents initially said that they did not care how their food is grown, 85% said that they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn after hearing a short definition. The definition gave only environmental benefits, but 74% of the customers preferring IPM-certified corn said they would buy it because it is safer or healthier. Most of the respondents claimed that they would be willing to pay 10% more for IPM-certified corn. Simply displaying an IPM poster had no significant results on consumer preference for IPM-grown produce, but active marketing significantly raised awareness of IPM and the PWN program.This study demonstrated the willingness of customers to support IPM because they believe it will have positive consequences for human health and environmental quality. It is concluded that sweet corn marketing based on IPM certification positively influenced consumer reactions to IPM; and a more extensive, diverse marketing strategy would enhance consumer awareness and support.