Biodegradable Polymers from 5-Hydroxylevulinic Acid: 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid)

As an attempt to synthesize new biodegradable polymers from renewable cellulose resources, melt polycondensation of 5-hydroxylevulinic acid (5-HLA) was reported for the first time. The resulting product, poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid) (PHLA), was synthesized and characterized with GPC, FTIR, ¹H NMR and DSC. The in vitro degradation behaviors in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in deionized water (DW) were also examined. The molecular weight of PHLA is not high (several 1,000s), but it possesses unordinary high glass transition temperature (as high as 120 °C). This is very different from existing aliphatic polyesters that usually have T _gs lower than 60 °C. The high T _g is attributed to the formation of inter- and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonds due to a characteristic keto–enol tautomerism equilibrium in the polymer structure. PHLA readily degraded hydrolytically in aqueous media.     

Environmental Degradation of Blends of Atactic Poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] with Natural PHBV in Baltic Sea Water and Compost with Activated Sludge

Degradation of atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) binary blends with natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV, 12 mol% of 3HV units), has been investigated and compared with plain PHBV in the compost containing activated sludge and under marine exposure conditions in the dynamic water of the Baltic Sea. Characteristic parameters of compost and the Baltic Sea water were monitored during the incubation period (6 weeks) and their influence on the degree of biodegradation is discussed. After specified degradation times of the experiments the weight loss of the samples, surface changes, changes in molecular weight and polydispersity as well as changes of the composition and thermo-mechanical properties of the blends have been evaluated. Macroscopic observations of the samples were accompanied by investigations using optical microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. The degree of degradation of blends of a-PHB with PHBV depends on the blend composition and environmental conditions. In both environments studied the weight loss of plain PHBV was more significant than changes the molecular weight. In both environments only enzymatic degradation of the blends, which proceeds via surface erosion mechanisms, was observed during the incubation period.     

基于红外热成像技术烃类火灾下沉管隧道开裂分析

为了研究烃类火灾下沉管隧道的开裂深度,建造沉管隧道缩尺模型,采用HCinc升温曲线在沉管隧道左、右两侧孔内同时开展明火试验。在沉管隧道火灾试验过程中,利用热电偶和红外热像仪测量沉管隧道的温度场变化,利用红外热像仪对混凝土裂缝位置的温度变化进行监测。基于混凝土内水分迁移原理,结合混凝土裂缝中水和水蒸气的温度变化及混凝土内温度场分布,推断出在点火95 min时,混凝土裂缝开展深度超过150 mm。研究结果表明：在沉管隧道内部发生火灾的情况下,受火侧受热膨胀容易导致沉管隧道外侧混凝土受拉开裂,在沉管隧道抗火设计中,建议考虑内外侧温差导致的混凝土开裂问题。     

高温后不同类型混凝土力学性能试验研究

对高温后C40和G50普通混凝土以及C80高性能混凝土的力学性能进行了试验研究,描述了试验现象,探讨了火灾温度、恒温时间、试件尺寸、冷却方式和混凝土类型等因素对高温后混凝土力学性能的影响,提出了高温后不同类型混凝土的轴心抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变等经验计算公式和高温后混凝土轴压应力-应变关系曲线表达式.试验研究表明,随着火灾温度的升高和恒温时间的增加,高温后混凝土立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、弹性模量等整体上呈降低趋势,而峰值应变逐渐增加;在火灾温度、恒温时间恒定时,试件尺寸越大越不利,喷水冷却不如自然冷却,高性能混凝土不如普通混凝土.     

SRT对A2/O-MBBR工艺中聚磷菌特性的影响

采用强化生物除磷系统(A~2/O-MBBR)联合工艺,在不同污泥龄(SRT)(20 d、15 d、10 d、6 d、3 d)的条件下,考察A~2/O系统各区聚磷菌生化代谢特性的变化。结果表明,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺采用双泥系统,分相培养了硝化菌和聚磷菌,该系统的微环境有利于自养型硝化菌的生长和积累,硝化反应已不是A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺运行的限制因素,SRT缩短对系统中总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)去除效果影响不大,可溶性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率随SRT缩短而逐步上升,SRT为3 d时去除率最大为94%。聚-β-羟基丁酸(PHB)是聚磷菌(PAOs)去除污染物所需碳源和能量的中转站,在胞内聚合物与能量转化过程中起重要作用,不同SRT下胞内聚合物的代谢含量与释磷、吸磷含量有密切关系,代谢量越多,释磷、吸磷量越多。SRT为6 d时,厌氧段聚磷菌具有最佳的释磷性能,形成了具有显著释磷作用的菌种。缺氧区胞内聚合物代谢规律与好氧区相似,对于反硝化聚磷菌来说,在SRT为10 d时对PHB的利用率最高,代谢活性最好;而对于传统聚磷菌来说,在SRT为6 d时其代谢性能最佳,且聚磷菌占全菌比例最大。短泥龄条件有利于提高胞内聚合物的单位污泥质量分数、驯化出积累PHB质量分数较高的微生物种群,其中SRT为6 d时各胞内聚合物含量最高,A~2/O-MBBR联合工艺的处理效果最佳。     

基于“三重一高”的工科专业实践教学体系构建与实践——以安全工程专业实践教学为例

实践教学是大学培养的重要环节,有利于培养学生的创新能力和应用能力,为培养符合社会发展需求的综合素质高的工科专业人才,基于"三重一高"的思想,构建工科专业"三位一体"的实践教学体系,包括基于系统化的基础实践教学、基于工程化的专业技能实训教学和基于综合化的专业素质培育教学三个方面,并将其思想应用于安全工程专业实践教学建设。     

二灰碎石基层集料配合比设计及改性研究

本文通过室内试验,首先分析了不同配比、龄期对二灰碎石无侧限抗压强度及水稳性的影响,确定二灰碎石中石灰、粉煤灰与碎石的质量比为6:12:82是最佳配比方案;其次,在确定最佳配比方案的基础上,采用新型固化剂对二灰碎石进行改性试验,结果表明新型固化剂可以大大提高二灰碎石的强度和水稳性;最后,研究改性后二灰碎石养护90天、180天的强度和水稳性,确定试样固化养护期限为90天,为固化剂的推广应用提供了参考依据。     

高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝的研究

高效混凝剂是目前水处理研究的热点用水玻璃、硫酸铁和硫酸铝制取聚硅酸铁铝混凝剂（PSFA),确定了制备PSFA混凝剂的优化条件：硅酸聚合度n为05,Fe³⁺及Al³⁺与SiO²的摩尔比为1：l,Fe³⁺与A³⁺的摩尔比为1：l,水解度B*为0.5,而熟化时间对PSFA混凝剂的混凝性能影响不明显用PSFA混凝剂处理实际水样,并与单独投加混凝剂硫酸铁及硫酸铁加助换剂聚硅酸效果进行了比较,结果表明,PSFA混凝剂的效果最好,而且用药量少;同时还对PSFA混凝剂的混凝机理进行了讨论     

微生物胞外电子传递过程强化机制及污染物高效转化

微生物水处理技术因运行成本低、处理量大、环境影响小等优点,被广泛的用于市政污水和工业废水的处理.微生物水处理的本质过程是生物催化氧化,涉及不同微生物种群间物质、能量和电子传输过程,而微生物胞外电子传递过程是影响其处理效率的关键因素之一.本研究立足于微生物氧化的原理,从介体材料强化、光电磁强化及微生物电化学强化等角度,系统论述了铁基材料、碳基材料、光、电、磁等对微生物电子传递过程的影响与机制.在此基础上,本论文总结了微生物电化学系统原理,分析了该系统中各类强化材料、强化技术对微生物胞外电子传递的影响,揭示了强化条件下污染物高效转化的作用机制,介绍了基于各种强化原理的系统构建因素及应用现状,并展望了该技术的发展趋势及存在的挑战.