中国农村贫困的测度与模拟:1995-2003

本文介绍了基予GQ Lorenz曲线的参数方法测度贫困的基本原理，测算了1995—2003年中国农村贫困状况，重点对贫困的变化进行模拟分析。不同贫困线的模拟分析表明：各贫困指标对贫困线较小的移动具有较商的敏感性，其政策涵义是扶贫不应当只注意贫困线以下的家庭。而且也应当注意陷入贫困风险商的家庭。贫困分解的模拟分析表明：不仅收入与贫困发生率有关，而且分配不合理却增加了贫困的深度和强度，其政策涵义是贫困问题的根本解决应将更多的注意力放在贫困人口的收入及其分配上。     

关于我校校训的思考

校训是集中反映学校文化和精神特质的高度精炼的词句;校训的理想特征应具有:稳定性、时代性、个性化、导向性、精炼性。我们必须确立校园文化建设的特色与重点;必须认真搜寻并确立在防灾减灾文化之中凝炼出来的具有灵魂象征的学校精神。从“张衡文化”、“张衡精神”以及中华民族传统文化的精神源泉中,提炼出“崇德博智、扶危定倾”的校训。     

我国沙尘暴灾害述评及减灾对策

综合了有关沙尘暴研究的主要成果 ,对沙尘暴的危害方式与影响 ,沙尘暴的空间分布与发展趋势 ,沙尘暴的成因和沙尘物质来源及人为因素影响 ,沙尘暴的运移路径等分别进行评述 ,在此基础上综合提出了沙尘暴减灾的 6大宏观对策。     

Water, Workfare and Poverty: The Impact of the Working for Water Programme on Rural Poverty Reduction

In 1995, the government of the Republic of South Africa launched the Working for Water (WfW) programme that links environmental and developmental goals through the removal of high water-consuming alien plants with pro-poor rural employment opportunities. Whilst bio-physical evaluations have widely reported on the hydrological, ecological and conservation components of the programme, there exists growing uncertainty over the programme’s role as a poverty reduction mechanism. This paper evaluates three projects in the Luvuvhu catchment, Limpopo Province, against five socio-economic workfare criteria and the underlying biophysical rationale. Results show that asset creation from incremental streamflow is economically efficient and is likely to improve significantly if biodiversity benefits, community harvesting of riparian goods and services, ecological non-use values and seasonal water demand values are incorporated into the analysis. However, socio-economic benefits are more questionable: poverty targeting is weak with wage rates failing to self-select the poor; a minor proportion (0.5%) of catchment households benefit from the highly-valued employment opportunities; high variability in monthly employment causes financial difficulties for labourers; labourers are not ‘empowered’ as is evidenced by the failure of the 2-year exit strategy; and programme efficiency is high in proportional allocation of cash-flow to non-management wage labour. It is concluded that the Working for Programme is a potentially replicable model in other semi-arid contexts in developing countries if based on its core biophysical remit but is a transitory and limited poverty reduction mechanism for improving rural livelihoods.     

农业自然灾害与农村贫困之间的关系——基于安徽省面板数据的实证分析

自然灾害的发生对农业生产会造成巨大的负面影响。特别是经济落后的不发达地区由于本身的抗灾救灾能力弱．受到的自然灾害影响也更加严重。甚至会导致贫困的发生。目前虽然已经有学者定性地研究过农业自然灾害对农村贫困的影响．但是缺乏定量的分析。本文旨在弥补以前定量研究的空白，选择安徽省的59个县（市）面板数据为研究样本，建立模型实证分析。发现农业自然灾害受灾面积占总播种面积的比重与农村贫困发生率量负相关关系．这与已有的研究结果不同。文章的最后．依据实证结果对正确认识农业自然灾害与农村贫困之间的关系．构建农村自然灾害舫御体系．增强贫困地区农民的抗灾能力提出了政策建议。     

The poverty of forestry policy: double standards on an uneven playing field

Can policies designed to maximize exploitation by elites benefit the people who live in forests? Forestry policy throughout the developing world originates from European “scientific” forestry traditions exported during the colonial period. These policies were implemented by foreign and local elite whose interest was to maximize and extract profit. In spite of reforms since the end of the colonial period, policies on the environment usually remain biased against rural communities. Even when more recent policies are fair, the rural poor face severe biases in implementation. In addition, they must compete on an uneven playing field of ethnic and other social inequities and economic hurdles. This article examines how forestry policy and implementation maintain double standards on this uneven playing field in a manner that permanently excludes the rural poor from the natural wealth around them—producing poverty in the process. Change that would support poverty alleviation for forest-based communities requires a radical rethinking of forest policy so as to counterbalance widespread regressive policies and structural asymmetries.     

Smallholder agriculture in Northeast Brazil: assessing heterogeneous human-environmental dynamics

A qualitative model of smallholder agriculture with a few core variables and two allocation rules for labour and investment in agricultural resources was developed to cover spatial heterogeneity in Northeast Brazil. This region is characterised by large natural and socio-economic variance, recurrent droughts and widespread rural poverty. The resulting system dynamics essentially consists of a cycle of four qualitative states, each depicting a typical pattern of trends in smallholder agriculture. Municipal statistical data were used to identify the spatial distribution of these patterns for the 1990s and the internal transition likelihood between subsequent states. Additionally the influence of external perturbations like droughts and producer price shocks on the smallholder system was investigated.We regret to have to announce that since the writing of this article one of its authors, Gerhard Petschel-Held has died.     

Water for Sustainable Development in Africa

Water is a precious yet non-renewable resource. Yet in Africa, the same water can be a source of life and death. Water is not only the most basic of need but also at the centre of sustainable development and essential for poverty eradication. Water is intimately linked to health, agriculture, energy and biodiversity. Without progress on water, reaching other Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be difficult if not impossible. The fight against poverty will remain a pipe dream.A lot of activities have been undertaken with the aim of highlighting the importance of water, linking water with sustainable development and indeed developing strategies for resolving the ever-increasing problems of water. These include the adoption of the Africa Water Vision in The Hague, Netherlands in March, 2000.In order to address the many problems of water in Africa especially related to the coordination of the increasing number of initiatives in the Water sector in Africa, the African Water Task Force (AWTF) was established.As part of developing solutions to the African water crisis, the AWTF held a regional conference in Accra Ghana. Some of the emerging issues from the Accra Conference are highlighted in the Accra declaration.This paper highlights the linkages between water and sustainable development, water and poverty and the many facets that relate to water. It mainly addresses issues of water from the African perspective. A number of key events that have taken place and which have served as a basis for many policy pronouncements have been given.The last section concentrates on what happened to water at the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in September 2002.     

生态抑制型贫困研究文献综述

从生态抑制型贫困的概念与内涵,形成原因以及措施和政策三方面综述了国内外关于生态抑制型贫困研究的最新动态。认为生态抑制型贫困治理未来应进一步探索若干具有更广普适性、有效性和可持续性的扶贫模式和机制,构建实现减贫和生态保护双重目标的跨区域合作减贫机制和模式,形成政府引导、多元化主体参与、市场运作的扶贫机制,特别需要加强对连片贫困区域进行针对性研究,为全国其他生态抑制型贫困区域提供经验借鉴。     

我国碳交易制度巩固脱贫攻坚成果的问题及对策

本文从我国碳达峰和碳中和的目标愿景、碳交易体系中的CCER抵消交易、建立巩固脱贫攻坚成果的长效机制等方面对我国碳交易制度巩固脱贫攻坚成果的宏观形势做出研判,系统梳理了我国利用碳交易制度巩固脱贫攻坚成果的主要问题。提出了完善我国碳交易制度巩固脱贫攻坚成果的建议:一是重启CCER项目申请备案,协调国内国际碳交易,增加碳交易的脱贫攻坚资源;二是统筹项目签发与碳抵消规则,调整项目类型和地域限制,提高碳交易的脱贫攻坚效率;三是建立低碳交易数据共享平台,提升项目交易活跃度,保障碳交易的脱贫攻坚质量。