煤矿作业人员安全心理特性模糊综合评价方法研究

根据模糊数学理论,将模糊综合评价方法引入煤矿作业人员安全心理特性评价。根据阜新矿业集团五龙煤矿的实际情况,建立了多层次煤矿作业人员安全心理特性评价体系,并且运用层次分析法确定评价因素的权重,最后结合安全等级表对模糊综合评价结果进行处理,得出煤矿作业人员的安全心理等级。     

安全文化宣教机理研究

为明晰安全文化宣教机理,从而提升安全文化宣教效果,基于宣传与教育的定义,提出安全文化宣教的定义,并分析其内涵。基于此,构建并解析安全文化宣教的“5-13”模式和受众处理安全文化符号信息的过程模型。在此基础上,提炼驱动受众心理的猎奇心理、重情心理与审美需要等16条理论依据和与之对应的一些具体方法。结果表明,设计、筹划和实施安全文化宣教活动和行为应以安全文化宣教的“5-13”模式和受众处理安全文化符号信息的过程模型为依据,有效驱动受众心理是提高安全文化宣教效果的关键。     

职业中毒场所盲目施救行为的心理因素分析与对策研究

探讨职业中毒场所因盲目施救引发伤亡事故扩大的原因及控制对策,为企业和相关部门实施有效的安全管理提供依据。采用分析归纳方法,界定盲目施救行为。依据突发事件引发的紧急情况的特点,分析得出有限作业空间发生的中毒窒息事故属于常规突发事件。盲目施救导致伤亡扩大事故发生的主要行业和作业特性显示,安全监管的疏漏是事故发生的原因。根据社会心理学理论,对中毒人员的施救属于利他行为,盲目施救是人在应激状态下失控的冲动行为,这一行为与人对不安全行为的预期后果相关,应急知识和能力的缺乏是导致盲目施救行为发生的主要原因。根据上述研究结论,提出避免常规突发事件引发盲目施救行为的对策。     

汶川地震后幸存人员心理危机干预方法研究

选取汶川地震中的伤员和陪护家属各40人作为干预对象,采用心理治疗中的心理危机干预方法,对干预对象进行心理危机干预。干预过程分为3个阶段,分别是以构建良性关系为目的的初始阶段、以治疗为核心的干预和稳定阶段、以评估干预效果为目的的评估阶段。干预评估结果显示,心理危机干预前后,伤员和陪护家属评估结果存在显著差异（P<0.001）;与语言方法相比,该研究方法进行心理危机干预后,各量表得分显著下降,症状自评量表各评估方向得分显著低于语言方法的量表得分,前、后侧得分间差异存在统计学意义,说明该方法心理危机干预对震后人员恢复,效果较好。     

It is all about the bottom line: Group bottom-line mentality,psychological safety,and group creativity

We examine bottom-line mentality (BLM) at the group level and examine the effect of group BLM on group psychological safety and subsequent group creativity. We draw on goal shielding theory to suggest that groups high in BLM narrowly focus on bottom-line outcomes, which encourages them to eliminate distracting considerations from their work processes. Because the group's high BLM encapsulates goal shielding, these groups are deficient in fostering psychological safety as an important interpersonal process that facilitates group creativity. We also couple goal shielding theory with arguments related to situational strength to examine group BLM agreement (i.e., the standard deviation of the mean of group BLM) as a first stage moderator. We contend that high-BLM agreement (vs. low agreement) strengthens the goal shielding effect of group BLM, which is reflected by a stronger detrimental effect on group psychological safety that then reduces group creativity. We found support for our theoretical model using multisource, multiwave field data from a diverse sample of workgroups and their supervisors. We discuss the theoretical implications of our research and provide practical suggestions for limiting the deleterious consequences of group BLMs in the workplace.     

基于人员心理-环境因素的火灾疏散速度修正方法研究

为探究人在火灾环境下的行为心理对疏散效率的影响,基于火灾下人员行为心理特征具有复杂、抽象、难以直接量化的特性,通过模糊逻辑方法,应用模糊集合、模糊规则和隶属度函数量化人的行为心理,研究其对疏散速度的影响;考虑火灾烟气和群体行为对疏散的影响,通过对高层建筑火灾状况下的烟气进行数值分析,并运用公式法得出人员的疏散速度折减值;以某高层商业建筑火灾疏散为例,将修正后人员的疏散速度和疏散路径引入疏散分析并与未修正的结果进行比较。结果表明:未修正的商业建筑疏散时间为470 s,修正后的疏散时间为670 s,修正后的疏散时间更长,人员危险性更大。     

Quantifying Preferences for the Natural World Using Monetary and Nonmonetary Assessments of Value

Given that funds for biodiversity conservation are limited, there is a need to understand people's preferences for its different components. To date, such preferences have largely been measured in monetary terms. However, how people value biodiversity may differ from economic theory, and there is little consensus over whether monetary metrics are always appropriate or the degree to which other methods offer alternative and complementary perspectives on value. We used a choice experiment to compare monetary amounts recreational visitors to urban green spaces were willing to pay for biodiversity enhancement (increases in species richness for birds, plants, and aquatic macroinvertebrates) with self‐reported psychological gains in well‐being derived from visiting the same sites. Willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) estimates were significant and positive, and respondents reported high gains in well‐being across 3 axes derived from environmental psychology theories (reflection, attachment, continuity with past). The 2 metrics were broadly congruent. Participants with above‐median self‐reported well‐being scores were willing to pay significantly higher amounts for enhancing species richness than those with below‐median scores, regardless of taxon. The socio‐economic and demographic background of participants played little role in determining either their well‐being or the probability of choosing a paying option within the choice experiment. Site‐level environmental characteristics were only somewhat related to WTP, but showed strong associations with self‐reported well‐being. Both approaches are likely to reflect a combination of the environmental properties of a site and unobserved individual preference heterogeneity for the natural world. Our results suggest that either metric will deliver mutually consistent results in an assessment of environmental preferences, although which approach is preferable depends on why one wishes to measure values for the natural world. Preferencias de Cuantificación para el Mundo Natural Usando Estudios de Valor Monetario y No Monetario.     

Psychosocial risks in small enterprises: the mediating role of perceived working conditions in the relationship between enterprise size and workers’ anxious or depressive episodes

Purpose. The relationship between enterprise size and psychosocial working conditions has received little attention so far but some findings suggest that conditions are more favorable in small enterprises. This could have a positive impact on workers’ mental health. The objective of this study was to test the mediating effect of perceived working conditions in the relationship between enterprise size and anxious or depressive episodes. Methods. Data from the 2010 SUMER – Surveillance Médicale des Expositions aux Risques professionnels (French periodical cross-sectional survey) were analyzed; N?=?31,420 for the present study. Anxious or depressive episodes were measured with the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the perceived working conditions were psychological demand, decision latitude and social support as assessed with Karasek's job content questionnaire. The indirect effect was tested according to the method proposed by Preacher and Hayes. Results. In a multivariate logistic regression, the risk of anxious or depressive episodes was found to be lower in micro enterprises (2–9 employees). Formal tests pointed to a significant indirect effect of enterprise size on mental health through perceived working conditions, with a larger effect for psychological demand. Conclusion. This study highlights perceived working conditions as an explanation of the effects of enterprise size.     

Good relationships at work: The effects of Leader–Member Exchange and Team–Member Exchange on psychological empowerment,emotional exhaustion,and depression

Emotional exhaustion and depression pose a threat to employees' psychological health. Social relationships at work are important potential buffers against these threats, but the corresponding psychological processes are still unclear. We propose that the subjective experience of high‐quality relationships with supervisors (i.e., Leader–Member Exchange [LMX]) is one of the protective factors against psychological health issues at work and that this effect is mediated by psychological empowerment. We tested these assumptions with two studies (one cross‐sectional and one time lagged) on diverse samples of employees from different organizations. The first study employed emotional exhaustion as the outcome measure; the second used depression. Results from both studies support the proposed process by showing that LMX positively affects empowerment, which negatively affects emotional exhaustion (Study 1) and depression (Study 2). Additionally, Study 2 also showed that Team–Member Exchange is as important as LMX for preventing psychological health issues among employees. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于调节聚焦理论的生物农药推广有效性研究

化学农药在提高单位耕地面积农产品产量和效益的同时,由于过量施用、利用效率低下等污染了生态环境、危害农产品安全和损害消费者健康等问题,而具有低残留、低污染和环境友好性优势的生物农药逐渐得到公共部门和业界的重视。但生物农药能否得到大范围推广和施用,关键在于能否改变农户的农药施用行为和农药生产企业的积极参与。由于生物农药施用涉及农户的当前利益和长期利益、个人利益和社会利益等相关因素,使农户的农药施用决策具有突出的心理距离属性。本文引入调节聚焦理论,建立了心理距离与农户农药施用决策和心理动机的关系,实证研究生物农药推广对农户农药施用决策、支付愿意(WTP)、农药生产企业态度和再次施用意愿的影响。结论如下:1施用生物农药给农户带来的收益是长期的、全社会的和不确定的,而多数农户农药施用决策所考虑的利益是当前的、私人的。因此,二者在心理距离、调节聚焦以及利益追求方面是不匹配的,这揭示了当前生物农药推广过程中出现的"叫好不叫座"的原因;2农药生产企业能够从生物农药推广中获利。如果生物农药推广得当,将会提高农户对生物农药以及农药生产企业的积极评价,其对生物农药的愿意支付价格和再次施用意愿也会提升;3调节聚集信息诉求和心理距离的匹配,对农户生物农药施用决策存在显著影响。当预防(或促进)聚焦信息诉求与近(或远)心理距离匹配时,农户对生物农药信息诉求的认同度较高,施用意愿也更高。因此,要提高生物农药的推广效果,针对农户农药施用决策具有近心理距离的特点,公共部门及农药生产企业在推广生物农药时应该强化预防聚焦信息,而弱化促进聚焦信息;此外,生物农药推广过程中,公共部门及农药生产企业也可以通过宣传策略,延长农户农药施用决策时的心理距离与改善生态环境的促进聚焦目标相匹配,从而提高农户施用生物农药的积极性。