北京市再生水的公众认知度评估

为缓解城市水资源短缺,回收再利用市政污水日益受到广泛关注.北京市作为最早实践再生水利用的城市之一,其市政污水再利用率已达约60%.本文以问卷、SPSS等作为调查研究工具,探索了被调查者的水资源及污水、再生水认知和再生水使用意愿、受访者的社会经济背景相关数据,对北京市公众的污水回用实践认知进行了评估.结果表明,北京市公众可强烈意识到城市水资源的短缺及处理污水的需要,但是他们在北京市主要水源、北京市用水量最大领域和北京市污水主要来源等问题上存在误区;大部分受访者对废水流向也表示不明确;然而,大于80%的居民表示只要不用于饮用或食物烹调,可以接受包括家庭使用的污水再利用,而63%的居民拒绝将再生水作为公共水源的补充;教育水平较高、个人收入较高、年龄介于35～55岁之间的被访者更加支持赞同再生水的使用,性别对调查结果并没有显著影响.最后,从公众、社区、政府这3个层面提出同步提升素质与认知、宣传和管理双管齐下、加强政策导向和硬件支持等建议.     

中国生活垃圾处理处置公众参与和社会监督法规现状研究

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市生活垃圾产生量逐年增加,生活垃圾处理处置压力也与日俱增,迫切需要建立针对处理处置的公众参与机制。本文分析了国内外环境保护公众参与相关法律制度现状以及中国生活垃圾公众参与的情况,参与积极性不强,参与渠道和方式有限,相关法律法规不健全,环境立法忽视公民的环境权和参与决策权。指出要在中国生活垃圾处理处置全过程中引入公众参与,并全面建立废弃物处理处置信息公开制度,并贯彻实施,必须明确环境权和采取信息公开的制度。     

建设项目环境影响评价公众参与存在的问题及其对策

公众参与是建设项目环境影响评价工作中的一项重要内容,直接涉及公众环境知情权和参与权,受到广泛关注。在分析当前建设项目环境影响评价公众参与中存在的影响有效性问题的基础上,提出了五个方面的针对性对策。     

高校开设环境教育公共必修课探究

在高校中开设环境教育公共必修课,培养大学生的环境意识,提高环境素质,是实现可持续发展的一个重要措施。本文阐述了环境教育的内涵,论述了国内外高校环境教育的发展概况,分析了高校开设环境教育公共必修课的必要性。以济南市为例,对高校学生和教师分别进行了问卷调查,从学生的环境意识和环境行为、学校开设环境教育公共必修课的现状、师生对环境教育公共必修课的态度等方面进行了调查。结合调查结果。总结出中国高校环境教育公共必修课建设存在的主要问题,如高校对环境教育的重视不足、环境教育课程体系不合理、教学形式单一、师资力量薄弱等,并借鉴国外环境教育的经验,提出完善高校环境教育公共必修课的建议和措施。     

创新社会管理是解决环境公共事件的重要途径

防范环境矛盾演化为公共事件,必须加强和创新社会管理,包括丰富社会管理的内涵和创新社会管理方式。通过强化政府强制措施、建立企业行为约束与激励机制、保障公众参与畅通有效、加大法制机构的监督力度、发挥非政府组织的协调作用,平衡各方利益,有效防范越来越多的环境矛盾演化升级为环境公共事件。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与机制研究

通过梳理分析环境影响评价相关法中公众参与的规定,对照UNEP有效的公众参与五要素,剖析环境影响评价中公众参与机制的不足,并提出完善环境影响评价中公众参与机制的对策。     

区域贸易协定中的多边环境协议所涉问题浅析

区域贸易协定框架下的多边环境协议涉及的主要问题可以概括为RTAs的环境条款类型、制度基础与制度选择问题,RTAs环境影响评价问题,RTAs的环境合作问题,RTAs环境标准、环境法实施与争端解决机制问题以及RTAs的公众参与环境保护问题等。贸易与环境问题的结合一直具有争议性,区域贸易协定在文本上达成的环境标准与贸易的结合要得到真正的实施,后续的努力至关重要,这些努力包括环境对话与合作、环境保护资金来源、公众参与等。     

Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student‐Generated Water Quality Data

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12‐46%), instrumental error (8‐21%), and random error (45‐68%). Overall, student‐generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.     

Comparing Contaminant Removal Costs for Aquifer Recharge with Wastewater with Water Supply Benefits

The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals.     

What determines the success and failure of environmental crowdfunding?

Online crowdfunding can help address the perennial financial shortfalls in environmental conservation and management. Although many online crowdfunding campaigns fail to collect any funds due to not achieving their targets, little is known about what drives success. To address this knowledge gap, we applied a mixed-methods approach to data from 473 successful and failed campaigns hosted on the online crowdfunding platform Readyfor. We found that fundraising performance varied by topic, with campaigns on pet animal management outperforming those focussed on landscape management and sustainable use. We also found that marketing strategies associated with online findability and increased reach through social networks, increased fundraising success. However, the existence of other environmental campaigns running simultaneously, reduced the chance of success, which implies that the selecting popular topics does not always increase the likelihood of success due to increased competition. Wider applications of marketing could enhance the ability of environmental crowdfunding campaigns to raise funds.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01522-0.