论中国环境民事公益诉讼激励机制之完善

2015年1月6日,最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,解决了近十几年来学者们普遍关注的问题,但尚未解决环境民事公益诉讼的根本问题.环境公益本质上属于公共物品的范畴,受制于集体行动的逻辑,加之高昂的诉讼成本,"理性人"一般不愿参与.因此,原告胜诉奖励制度、法律援助制度以及专项基金制度成为现阶段打破环境民事公益诉讼僵局的重要途径.     

城市总体规划环评全程多方互动机制研究

城市总体规划层面上的战略环境评价有助于从决策源头上解决由城市规划不合理引发的资源环境问题.建立了城市总体规划环评全程多方参与的互动机制,尽早将环评融入城市总体规划程序,注重相关单位及公众多方互动平台构建,提出了多方互动融合的工作程序;并明确不同规划阶段环评介入工作的重点内容与成果,确定规划及其环评编制全程各方互动方式和公众参与机制;最后以广安市城市总体规划环评为案例探讨了该互动机制的应用效果.     

500kV户外型变电站作业场所电磁环境实测分析

为了研究500k V户外型变电站作业场所的电磁环境,利用EFA-300电磁场强分析仪对9座不同类型的500 k V变电站作业场所的电磁场强度进行实测。共设置412个测点,覆盖3种典型变电站的室内作业场所和室外作业场所。测试结果显示:室内作业场所电磁场强度均远远低于国家关于公众暴露限值的标准(E≤4 k V/m,B≤100μT);不同类型500k V户外型变电站室外作业场所的电磁场强度平均值由高到低为:HGIS型变电站>AIS型变电站>GIS型变电站,表明GIS型配电方式更有利于减轻电磁污染。室外作业场所共有19.8%的测点电场强度超过我国行业标准(E≤5 k V/m),0.7%的测点磁感应强度超过我国行业标准(B≤500μT),其高电磁场强度区域集中在高压侧设备区以及电抗器密集区,最高电场强度达到14.860 k V/m,最高磁感应强度达到856μT,应重视此类区域工作人员的电磁场防护工作。     

Emergent publics and affects in environmental governance

Drawing on the wide social scientific literature on emotions and affects, we highlight the value and potential contribution of the affect theory for understanding public engagement in environmental policy and planning. We suggest that such theorization complements political ontologies that envision concerned publics to arise as citizens are attached to objects and other beings in their everyday life. Focus on emotions and affects enables in-depth exploration of the corporeality of these attachments, increasing understanding about how affected publics get driven for action and how new sensibilities and horizons for action are created. Based on the discussion of affect theory and case examples, we argue that emotions and affects should be treated as crucial carriers of knowledge about transformation of political subjects and their concerns. They also direct analytic gaze beyond public participation procedures and encourage the development of novel, more inclusive settings for public engagement.     

‘We cannot be at the forefront,changing society’: exploring how Swedish property developers respond to climate change in urban planning

It is increasingly expected that private actors play the role as entrepreneurs and front-runners in implementing climate measures, whereas empirical studies of the position, role and engagement of private actors are scarce. Situated in the context of urban planning, a critical arena for triggering climate transitions, the aim of this paper is to explore how Swedish property developers respond to climate change. Qualitative analyses of corporate policy documents and semi-structured interviews with property developers reveal a vast divergence between the written policies, where leadership ambitions are high, and how the practice of property development is discussed in interviews. In the latter, there is little evidence of property developers pursuing a forward-looking or cutting-edge climate change agenda. Instead, they are critical of increased public regulation for climate-oriented measures. Explanations both confirm previous studies, highlighting lack of perceived customer demand, uncertainty of financial returns and limited innovations, and add new elements of place-dependency suggesting that innovative and front-runner practices can only be realized in the larger urban areas. Municipalities seeking to improve their climate-oriented profile in urban planning by involving private property developers need to develop strategies to maneuver the variance in responses to increase the effectiveness of implementation.     

Factors affecting adolescents’ use of urban public spaces in their leisure time: an exploratory study from the city of Vienna

Urban public spaces are important areas for leisure, recreation and physical activity and therefore contribute to the quality of life in cities. In particular, for adolescents they provide important spaces to meet with their peers, away from parental or school control. In many cities worldwide, public spaces have undergone severe developmental processes, and often a withdrawal from public space is noted. With regard to the opportunities those spaces provide for adolescents, it is necessary to investigate their current meaning for adolescents in a leisure context. In this article, qualitative research methods were used to investigate factors affecting adolescents’ use of public spaces in Vienna, Austria. In total 45 adolescents were interviewed. Results show that public open spaces are not regarded as important leisure spaces, and data reveal a strong retreat to private areas for leisure purposes. Perceived insecurities and fears support these processes and often result in avoidance of public spaces but also the wish for more control by authorities.     

云南NGO环境保护公众参与可行性浅析

通过对云南省部分环境非政府组织(以下简称NGO)开展的"环境影响评价中的公众参与"问卷调查及十二个NGO的座谈,了解近年来一些云南NGO对我省环保关注和参与情况,以及参与过程中存在的障碍与不足,探索NGO如何可持续发展地参与环保,并探析新修订的环境保护法背景下我省NGO参与环保的有效途径。     

An integrated model of regional and local residential sorting with application to air quality

We examine the interconnectedness of demand for regionally and locally varying public goods using a residential sorting model. We propose a version of the model that describes household choices at the city (MSA) level and, conditional on city, the neighborhood (census tract) level. We use a two-stage budgeting argument to develop an empirically feasible sorting model that allows us to estimate preferences for regionally varying air quality while accounting for sorting at the local level. Our conceptual and empirical approach nests previous sorting models as special cases, allowing us to assess the importance of accounting for multiple spatial scales in our predictions for the cost of air pollution. Furthermore our preferred specification connects the city and neighborhood sorting margins to the upper and lower elements of a nested logit model, thereby establishing a useful correspondence between two stage budgeting and nested logit estimation. Empirically we find that estimates from a conventional model of sorting across MSAs imply a smaller marginal willingness to pay for air quality than estimates from our proposed model. We discuss how the difference is attributable in part to the omitted variable problems arising when tract level sorting is ignored.     

业务持续规划及其在我国防灾事业的应用展望

突发性灾害事件威胁着城市的发展,面对越来越严峻的防灾减灾形势,欧美、日本等发达国家的业务持续规划(Business Continuity Plan,BCP)在城市公共安全建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。依据欧美和日本制定的BCP规范、指南以及规划成果,系统介绍了BCP的内涵、特点及内容,并探讨了与其他城市防灾减灾相关规划的关系,最后介绍了目前BCP在国外的发展情况、在城市防灾中的作用和效果,并总结BCP对我国城市公共安全建设和灾害应急管理的启示,以及未来在我国的应用展望。目前我国尚未将BCP运用于城市防灾减灾中,而这种新规划的防灾减灾观点和做法都值得我们学习和借鉴,将来应将其应用范围拓展。