云南珍稀濒危植物的保护现状与对策

对云南自然环境、珍稀濒危植物的特点和保护现状进行了阐述,并对如何更好地保护与研究云南珍稀濒危植物提出了对策和建议。     

昆明地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护对策

对昆明地区分布的珍稀濒危植物的种类、分布、保护现状进行调查。结果显示：昆明地区有珍稀濒危植物42科54属55种,其中真菌有1科1属1种,蕨类植物有3科3属3种,裸子植物有5科7属7种,被子植物有33科43属44种。通过分析昆明地区珍稀濒危植物的种类、生活习性、地理分布特征、保护现状及其濒危原因,提出了相应的保护对策。     

国民政府对1931年江淮水灾救治述论

1931年,江淮流域发生特大水灾。南京国民政府积极应对,在制度上建立起协调和组织全国性救灾机构——国民政府救济会,颁布了多项救灾规章制度,制定和丰富赈款募集办法和途径;在实践上以急赈为先,继之开展卫生防疫、以工代赈和农赈等救灾措施。国民政府在救灾中起着主导作用,凸显了政府强力介入公共领域力量,也显示了政府企图通过民族灾难来进行国家整合的努力。     

放射性废物治理浅析——以广东省某稀土厂为例

稀土矿是放射性伴生矿,其生产过程中产生的废渣伴有较强的放射性,属于危险废物,需要妥善处理。本文以广东某稀土厂为例,总结放射性较高的优溶渣、镭渣的处理措施,按照国家和地方环境保护法律、法规的要求,提出这些废渣及在处理废渣过程中产生的废水的最终处理方式。分别为：综合利用后刺余废渣进行暂存,镭渣经水泥固化后送坑道封存,增加重晶石吸附（除镭）工序,降低废水中的总α、β。通过这些治理,实现明显的环境效益和社会效益。     

Is there a trade-off between households’ precautions,mitigations and public protection for flood risk?

This paper evaluates willingness-to-pay (WTP) for flood insurance and floodgate installation in Tainan, Taiwan, and finds that household flood precaution (observing the water level) has a minor effect in terms of increasing the WTP for flood insurance, rather than decreasing it. The reason for this is that people who have public flood protection nearby do not lower their WTP for floodgate and insurance, and those who live near the water source of floods and exhibit precautionary behavior have higher risk perceptions and intend to pay more. The adopted mitigation (having sandbags or other barriers) will not affect the intention to further mitigate or buy insurance. This also means that adverse selection in relation to flood insurance is not serious in the flood-prone area of Tainan. Households may be aware of the limitation of public flood protection though the precautionary behavior, and found that flood insurance can compensate for most of the flood damage.     

Willingness to pay for agricultural flood insurance in the Mekong River Delta

Increasing urbanization and industrial development upstream of the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam (MRD) including the construction of a series of dams for hydroelectricity generation is changing the downstream risk of flooding. Concerns about the likely influence of global climate change and rising sea levels add further uncertainty to this risk that threatens the livelihood of farmers. With this in mind and in view of the under-developed state of the market for crop insurance in the MRD, we survey rice growers to explore their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for crop insurance by using a choice experiment. The experimental design comprised five attributes, including the type of peril covered – riverine flooding (flooding); flooding triggered by tidal regimes (inundation); or flooding, inundation and wind damage – type of provider; extent of cover and deductible and premium. Two hundred and twenty-six rice-growing farmers were surveyed with each farmer responding to six different choices. Our study shows that WTPs for an insurance plan covering a loss up to 2 million VND/1000m²/farming season and having a deductible of 25% of the potential (profit) crop value varied between 200,000 and 500,000?VND/1000m² (1USD?=?22,550 Vietnamese Dong – VND) for each rice growing season, implying a potential market for crop insurance.     

基于信息扩散理论的福建省农业水灾风险评估

利用1978—2008年福建省农业水灾受灾和成灾面积数据,以灾情(受灾和成灾)指数反映水灾的影响范围,以成受比(成灾与受灾指数的比值)指数反映水灾影响强度,基于正态信息扩散计算方法对农业水灾进行风险评估,利用发生频次法对评估结果进行检验。结果表明:农业受水灾影响的风险概率随风险指数提高而下降;在相同风险指数下,成受比风险概率>受灾风险概率>成灾风险概率;受灾、 成灾、 成受比的平均风险概率分别为0.448 7、 0.480 0、 0.651 6,水灾对福建农业的影响比较频繁,影响范围和强度比较严重。风险评估结果与实际情况基本相符。     

钐对小鼠睾丸组织超微结构的影响

为评价稀土元素钐对雄性小鼠睾丸组织结构的影响,将小鼠分组,并饮用含硝酸钐0、5、50、500、2000mg/L的蒸馏水,90d后处死,称量体重和睾丸重量,制备光镜和电镜切片.结果表明,与对照组相比,2000mg/L剂量组的小鼠睾丸脏器系数显著降低;光镜观察显示高剂量组的小鼠睾丸曲细精管萎缩、变性,结构紊乱,生精细胞明显减少;电镜观察显示高剂量的钐可致曲细精管管膜萎缩,各级生精细胞均受到不同程度的损伤,线粒体普遍出现肿胀、空泡化现象,核膜模糊或缺失,染色质边集.提示500,2000mg/L剂量下的钐暴露对小鼠的睾丸组织具有一定的损伤效应.     

长江流域洪灾与生态破坏的关系浅析:Ⅱ生态破坏导致洪灾加剧

与长江１９５４ 年洪灾相比较,１９９８ 年洪灾具有“中水量、高水位、大灾害”的特征。流域内原始森林的过量采伐、大量湖泊的消亡、河道的普遍淤塞等生态系统的破坏引起了长江产流、汇流、洪水调蓄、行洪等水文条件的严重恶化。这是长江流域洪灾频繁,灾情加重的主要原因。     

PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING FOR POLDER SYSTEM DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: An approach is developed for incorporating the uncertainty of parameters for estimating runoff in the design of polder systems in ungaged watersheds. Monte Carlo Simulation is used to derive a set of realizations of streamflow hydrographs for a given design rainstorm using the U. S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) unit hydrograph model. The inverse of the SCS curve number, which is a function of the antecedent runoff condition in the SCS model, is the random input in the Monte Carlo Simulation. Monte Carlo realizations of streamfiow hydrographs are used to simulate the performance of a polder flood protection system. From this simulation the probability of occurrence of flood levels for a particular hydraulic design may be used to evaluate its effectiveness. This approach is demonstrated for the Pluit Polder flood protection system for the City of Jakarta, Indonesia. While the results of the application indicate that uncertainty in the antecedent runoff condition is important, the effects of uncertainty in rainfall data, in additional runoff parameters, such as time to peak, in the hydraulic design, and in the rainfall-runoff model selected should also be considered. Although, the SCS model is limited to agricultural conditions, the approach presented herein may be applied to other flood control systems if appropriate storm runoff models are selected.