Stressful but rewarding: Norwegian personnel mobilised for the 2004 tsunami disaster

Adequate responses to disasters and emergency situations rely, among other factors, on coping abilities in disaster workers and emergency personnel. In this study, different aspects of disaster-related stressors and training/experience were investigated in Norwegian personnel (n = 581) mobilised for the 2004 tsunami disaster. The level of stress reactions, measured nine to ten months after the tsunami, was relatively low in this sample, indicating that the personnel coped well with the challenges of the disaster. The level of intrusive memories was higher in disaster-area personnel (n = 335) than in home-base personnel (n = 246). Stress reactions were significantly associated with witnessing experiences (disaster-area group) and with having to reject victims in need of help (both groups). Specific preparation for the mission was associated with a lower level of stress reactions in disaster-area personnel. Such factors may be considered in training and preparation programmes for disaster workers.     

Disaster mental health training programmes in New York City following September 11, 2001

The need for mental health resources to provide care to the community following large‐scale disasters is well documented. In the aftermath of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on September 11, 2001, many local agencies and organizations responded by providing informal mental health services, including disaster mental health training for practitioners. The quality of these programmes has not been assessed, however. The National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University's School of Public Health reviewed disaster mental health training programmes administered by community‐based organizations, professional associations, hospitals, and government agencies after September 11. Results indicate that the quality and the effectiveness of programmes are difficult to assess. A wide range of curricula and a widespread lack of recordkeeping and credentialing of trainers were noted. Most of the training programmes provided are no longer available. Recommendations for improving the quality of disaster mental health training programmes are provided.     

北京市河流水生态健康时空异质性及改善路径研究

河流生态系统是人类社会得以生存与发展的基本条件,河流水生态健康对保障区域水安全,避免水灾害具有重要意义.随着城市化的不断推进,河流生态系统面临着巨大挑战,水生态风险及灾害呈现广发、频发和深发态势.通过汇总北京市五大流域河流水生态健康状况评估相关研究,识别区域水生态系统主要问题,诊断水生态健康问题产生的原因.结果表明,北...     

Dignity and the right of internally displaced adolescents in Colombia to sexual and reproductive health

In Colombia, national policies and laws on the protection of vulnerable populations pay specific attention to the sexual and reproductive health needs and rights of internally displaced adolescents. This paper describes how a United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)-supported programme (September 2000-August 2004) on the sexual and reproductive health of internally displaced adolescents contributed to restoring their dignity as a precursor to promoting their sexual and reproductive health rights. Different forms of the arts were used as basic techniques to discover their body and to provide sexual and reproductive health information and education. The arts were found to play a key role in restoring their dignity. Although dignity appeared to be a determinant of greater awareness of rights, it did not lead to increased empowerment with regard to rights. The availability of and access to sexual and reproductive health services remains a problem and displaced populations continue to have little or no power to hold their authorities accountable.     

土木工程结构健康监测研究进展

阐述了实施土木工程结构健康监测的必要性和迫切性,介绍了结构健康监测系统的概念、组成及其应用,信号采集与处理以及损伤检测的方法和研究现状,重点讨论了神经网络法在损伤诊断中的应用。介绍了利用小波神经网络和概率神经网络等新型网络的损伤诊断方法,最后指出了需要进一步研究的重点和难点问题。     

考虑汇流过程的楼梯疏散模型研究∗

为探究汇流过程对楼梯疏散的影响程度,运用排队论原理,计算楼层平台人流输出率;引入楼梯汇流比率,描述单位时间内楼梯人流通过率与楼层通道人流通过率;以楼梯汇流过程为基础,结合楼层平台人流输出率与汇流比率,将整个楼梯疏散划分为三个阶段,剖析各阶段内行人流相互作用关系,构建楼梯疏散模型,刻画楼梯疏散中人流量动态变化的过程。设置不同楼层通道宽度,计算汇流比率,模拟不同汇流比率下楼梯疏散过程,结果表明:楼梯疏散能力受楼层汇流过程的影响,随汇流比率的增加,楼层平台人流输出率与楼梯的疏散能力均呈现先增后减的趋势,当汇流比率为 0.46 时,即楼层通道宽度为 130 cm 时,楼层平台人流输出率与楼梯疏散能力达到最大。     

Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health?

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster in both developed and developing countries and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Worldwide, over the past 30 years, flooding has claimed the lives of more than 200,000 people and affected more than 2.8 billion others. The impact of flooding on health varies among populations and depends primarily on vulnerability and the kind of event experienced. It severely disrupts livelihoods and has a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and children. In addition, it may exacerbate a range of negative psychological and physiological child and reproductive health outcomes. Awareness‐raising, education, and the issuing of warnings appear to be key initiatives to mitigate or prevent flood morbidity and mortality, especially among people living in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Agencies responding to emergencies also need to be more cognisant of the dangers, specifically those engaged in healthcare, nutrition, and water safety programmes.     

中国的地震减灾系统工程

组织不同程度不同方式的综合减灾系统,有利于一个社会单元综合对待多种紧急的灾情事务,有利于政府处理紧急事务的专业化、资源的集中运用和行政管理与指挥的专职高效.地震减灾系统工程,原则上包括四个工作领域和十个工作方面,即:监测、预测(报)、评估(专业系统);防灾、抗灾、救灾(社会公共安全系统);安置-恢复、保险-援助、立法-教育(社会保障安全系统);规划-指挥(社会组织系统).