地震灾后重建规划环境影响评价特点和实施框架初探

5．12汶川特大地震灾害引起了社会和学术界对地震灾后重建规划广泛的关注。地震灾后重建规划几乎包含了当前规划领域中的所有挑战,是速度和质量兼顾、人性与理性权衡、社会经济与环境效益统一、多方博弈的过程,对灾后重建规划环评也从理论到实践层面提出了新的挑战。本文在对灾后重建规划特点进行归纳的基础上提出灾后重建规划环评相应具备的特点,即早期介入、与规划过程融合、增加灾害情景、突出规划协调性分析和应用反规划思路等特点,并进一步以《国家汶川地震灾后重建总体规划》为例说明了与灾后规划融合的环评流程、灾后规划环评的关键内容和评价思路。在对常用规划环评方法从信息成本、工作成本、客观和量化程度等原则进行评价后认为灾后重建规划环境评价中应有效利用比较评价法、GIS叠图法、生态承载力评价法等相对快捷、成熟或客观的方法。     

Mg/Al/Fe复合氧化物吸附去除水体中氟化物的研究

采用水热法合成了不同铁掺杂量的Mg/Al/Fe型类水滑石(MAF),根据X射线衍射(XRD)的测定结果,铁存在一个最佳投加量,铁的掺杂量过大则会导致水滑石的层状结构被破坏。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和比表面分析仪(BET)研究了MAF焙烧后的复合金属氧化物(CMAF)的结构和性能,并考察了CMAF对水中氟离子的吸附性能。与CMA相比(铁掺杂量为零),CMAF对氟离子的吸附去除效率明显提高(最大吸附容量75.2 mg/g),整个吸附过程可以用Langmuir吸附等温线更好地描述。通过XRD测定和晶格参数计算,CMAF的结构由吸附前的复合氧化物恢复到层状水滑石结构,表明氟离子在水滑石重构过程中作为层间阴离子进入到水滑石内部,从而达到较高的除氟效率。     

Earthquake recovery of historic buildings: exploring cost and time needs

Disaster recovery of historic buildings has rarely been investigated even though the available literature indicates that they face special challenges. This study examines buildings' recovery time and cost to determine whether their functions (that is, their use) and their status (historic or non-historic) affect these outcomes. The study uses data from the city of San Francisco after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to examine the recovery of historic buildings owned by public agencies and non-governmental organisations. The results show that recovery cost is affected by damage level, construction type and historic status, whereas recovery time is affected by the same variables and also by building function. The study points to the importance of pre-incident recovery planning, especially for building functions that have shown delayed recovery. Also, the study calls attention to the importance of further investigations into the challenges facing historic building recovery.     

西方灾后重建经济理论及其借鉴意义

介绍了Yasuh ide Okuyam a的灾后重建经济理论,重点分析了灾害发生以后经济的变动情况,以及在灾害后的经济重建过程中,储蓄率和技术进步率等变量将如何变化,进而如何影响灾后的经济重建过程。阐述了借鉴此理论对中国汶川8.0级地震灾后重建的指导意义。     

基于投入产出模型的区域洪涝灾害间接经济损失评估

重大自然灾害的恢复重建的时间长短与灾害造成的间接经济损失大小直接相关,因而影响灾害造成的总损失。因此评估灾害的间接经济损失是灾后制定减灾政策的重要内容。投入产出模型是灾害经济影响评估应用最为广泛的模型,基于区域投入产出模型,结合湖南省经济状况和救灾政策,以月为时间间隔,模拟了1998年湖南省经济在洪涝灾害后的恢复情况,并用建筑业灾后恢复数据进行了比较验证。模拟结果表明在洪涝灾害中湖南省的间接经济损失为17846亿元,占直接经济损失的39%。不同部门灾后恢复模拟结果有利于制定减灾战略、优化救灾和重建资源的分配,最大限度地减少灾害对经济系统的冲击。尽管该模拟结果还存在一定的不确定性,结果表明投入产出模型在模拟灾害间接损失影响及恢复重建期的预估上能够发挥很好的作用     

环境犯罪刑事立法缺陷及其完善建议

《刑法》第338条以污染环境罪为核心构建起来的现行环境犯罪体系存在环境立法观念偏颇、法益保护范围过窄以及刑罚力度不足三方面的缺陷。在我国环境问题依旧严重的今天,为了适应不断发展变化的社会,刑法环境犯罪体系的重构已经势在必行,应当以刑法的规范观念为指导,以污染环境罪为基础建立我国体系化的环境刑法,同时根据社会危害性配置更加严厉的刑罚。     

后重建时代汶川大地震极重灾区发展重建策略探析

＂汶川大地震＂震后灾区恢复重建工作已经全面完成,公共基础设施建设得到极大发展,为灾区经济腾飞奠定了坚实的基础。＂十二五＂期间,灾区进入了发展重建阶段,灾区经济面临着从恢复向发展的转变、从投资拉动向市场机制回归的转变。但是,灾区物质建设的高起点对当地经济发展提出了更高的要求,要克服未来经济发展面临的种种困难,必须理顺工作思路,按照减少贫困,提高经济水平,增强自我发展能力的长期目标,积极进行产业结构调整和优化,大力发展现代山区农业和旅游产业,形成以农业发展为基础,旅游产业为核心,带动实现工业结构多元化,将灾区建成社会、资源、环境与产业经济协调发展的循环经济示范区。     

高校传统诚信教育的理性重建

"诚信"是中华民族的道德规范,我国大学教育一直秉承诚信教育传统,为培养诚实守信的公民而不懈努力。但面对市场经济带来的思想、观念、制度冲击,传统诚信教育的弊端日益凸现,如何看待诚信、如何促进诚信教育的良性发展、如何保障诚信教育的切实践行等问题,应该成为高等教育者们不断思考的焦点,而重建传统诚信教育要通过建设校园诚信文化和构建校长负责制等措施来实现。     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents＇ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

Soil acidity reconstruction based on tree ring information of a dominant species Abies fabri in the subalpine forest ecosystems in southwest China

To assess the suitability of dendrochemistry as an indicator of soil acidification, soil chemistry and tree ring information of Abies fabri were measured at two distinct sites (severe acid deposition site-Emei Mountain and clean site-Gongga Mountain) of the subalpine forest ecosystems of western Sichuan, southwest China. The actual soil acidity (pH) was significantly correlated with some of the recent xylem cation (Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Sr and Ba) concentrations and their molar ratios. Xylem Ca/Mg and Ca/Mn of A. fabri were ultimately selected to reconstruct the historical changes of soil pH in Emei Mountain and Gongga Mountain, respectively. The validity of those rebuild was also verified to a certain extent. We conclude that xylem cation molar ratios of A. fabri were superior to the single cation concentrations in soil acidity rebuild at the study sites due to normalizing for concentration fluctuations.