地表水环境质量评价方法实证及适用性分析

通过均值法、断面比例法、均值-灰色关联分析法、灰色关联分析-断面比例法、均值-模糊综合评价法、模糊综合评价-点位比例法6种方法对2013年全国地表水七大流域水质分别进行评价。结果表明:均值法和点位比例法差别在于多数流域出现水质类别变化,但变化方向并不一致;引入灰色关联分析和模糊综合评价后水质评价结果明显改善,但模糊综合评价在适用性和评价精度上更有优势。     

A New Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Model to Compute Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Critical Pressure Ratios of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The critical pressure ratio (η_c) is an essential parameter for computing the vapor-liquid two-phase critical pressure and mass flow rate of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures flowing through valves and leakage orifices. The Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Diener-Schmidt (HNE-DS) model widely used to calculate η_c assumes that the fluid's volume linearly changes with the pressure (using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation), which is not suitable for multicomponent gas mixtures. In this paper, a new Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium (new-HNE) model is proposed to calculate η_c of gas mixtures. Firstly, a new critical flow compressibility factor (ω_c) is developed from its thermodynamic definition and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS), overcoming the inherent limitations of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Then, η_c is correlated to the newly derived ω_c by fitting experimental data at various pressures and gas mass fractions of both single-component and multicomponent gas mixtures, yielding the new HNE-DS model. Results show that, for the water-steam and air-water two-phase flow, the average relative deviations (ARD) between the calculated critical pressure ratios and experimental values are equal to 2.8% and 4.93%, respectively, which represents a significant improvement in comparison with the original HNE-DS model. Moreover, this new model is extended to the applications of Liquefied natural gas (LNG)/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluids, and will further contribute to the calculation of the leakage mass flow rate of fluid flowing through the orifices/valves.     

Blade thickness effect on the aerodynamic performance of an asymmetric NACA six series blade vertical axis wind turbine in low wind speed

ABSTRACT

Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is an economic and widely used energy converter for converting wind energy into useful form of energy, like mechanical and electrical energy. For efficient energy conversion in low wind speed and to have improved power coefficient of asymmetric blade VAWT, selection of optimum blade thickness is needed thus entailing its detailed investigation with respect to different operating wind speed conditions. Present study methodically explores the impact of thickness to chord (t/c) ratio on aerodynamic performance of a three bladed asymmetrical blade H-Darrieus VAWT at different low wind speed conditions by using 2D unsteady CFD simulations. The optimal t/c is obtained on the basis of maximum power coefficient and average moment coefficient of the turbine. The aerodynamic performance curves are obtained at different operating and t/c conditions and the performance insights are corroborated with the findings from the flow physics study to come to some concrete conclusions on the effects of the thickness to chord ratio. The present study identifies large blade curvature to create a large diverging passage on the blade suction surface as the prominent reason for aerodynamic performance drop at a high t/c ratio.     

Effects of urbanization on the population structure of freshwater turtles across the United States

Landscape‐scale alterations that accompany urbanization may negatively affect the population structure of wildlife species such as freshwater turtles. Changes to nesting sites and higher mortality rates due to vehicular collisions and increased predator populations may particularly affect immature turtles and mature female turtles. We hypothesized that the proportions of adult female and immature turtles in a population will negatively correlate with landscape urbanization. As a collaborative effort of the Ecological Research as Education Network (EREN), we sampled freshwater turtle populations in 11 states across the central and eastern United States. Contrary to expectations, we found a significant positive relationship between proportions of mature female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and urbanization. We did not detect a relationship between urbanization and proportions of immature turtles. Urbanization may alter the thermal environment of nesting sites such that more females are produced as urbanization increases. Our approach of creating a collaborative network of scientists and students at undergraduate institutions proved valuable in terms of testing our hypothesis over a large spatial scale while also allowing students to gain hands‐on experience in conservation science.     

曝气人工湿地脱除低污染水中氮的影响因素

低污染水由于排放量大、来源范围广,成为地表水体中氮的重要贡献者.为探究人工湿地对低污染水脱氮时的影响因素,构建曝气人工湿地,分析其在不同运行工况下对低污染水中不同形态氮的去除效果.结果表明,低污染水中TN和N03--N去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)、碳氮比(C/N)和温度显著正相关(r＞0.65,P＜0.01),与溶解氧(DO)极显著负相关(r＜-0.85,P＜0.01);NH4+-N去除率与各因素之间相关性不显著(P＞0.05).曝气量和HRT的改变,可以调节湿地内DO环境,为湿地内营造交替好-缺氧环境,利于硝化与反硝化过程.在曝气量为0.2 L-min-1、HRT为1 d时,曝气人工湿地对低污染水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N去除率分别可达90.15％、98.25％和86.22％,实现了 TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N同步高效去除.C/N和温度是影响TN和NO3--N去除效果的重要因子.随C/N增加,TN和NO3--N去除率明显提升;在进水C/N为5时,TN和NO3--N去除率达到最高,分别为68.49％和50.48％,其中TN去除率较无碳源时提高了 37.43％.此外,温度从8～12℃升高至28～321℃时,曝气CW脱氮速率逐步增大.相较于低温(8～12℃),在高温(28～32℃)时CW对TN和N03--N去除率分别提高了 29.37％和50.24％;而NH4+-N去除率受C/N和温度影响不大.     

IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统脱氮特性及种群结构分析

针对传统脱氮工艺处理低C/N污水存在的问题,本研究提出IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统.考察了三阶段各反应器对系统COD去除与脱氮性能影响,同时应用宏全基因组技术分析了各反应器功能微生物种群结构特征.结果表明,系统在电流强度0. 2A时分离器氨氮富集率平均达到116. 1%,最高可达170%;系统进水C/N为2. 80稳定运行时,系统COD及TN平均去除率分别可以达到90%和50%以上. TN去除率最高达到65. 4%.宏全基因组测序表明,在硝化反应器中硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)所占比例分别为12. 23%和2. 31%;在反硝化反应器中脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Azospira所占比例分别为4. 57%、1. 76%和1. 03%,远大于其他菌属所占比例,保证了系统中COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_x~--N较高的去除率;同时铁自养反硝化菌的存在提高了系统的反硝化效率.     

ABR-MBR反硝化除磷工艺的启动及稳定运行

以低C/N值生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了以厌氧/缺氧(A/A)运行的ABR耦合好氧MBR系统启动过程中脱氮除磷特性及系统长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,控制ABR容积负荷(VLR)为0. 8 kg·(m3·d)-1,污泥回流比为80%,硝化液回流比从150%逐步提升稳定至300%,反硝化除磷功能区污泥停留时间(sludge retention time,SRT)为25 d,MBR溶解氧(DO)为1～2 mg·L~(-1),温度为30℃±2℃,于46 d成功富集了反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifying phosphorus bacteria,DPBs),净释磷量为20. 56 mg·L~(-1),净吸磷量达到27. 74 mg·L~(-1),批次实验表明约84. 8%的聚磷菌(PAOs)能够利用NO-3-N作为电子受体进行反硝化除磷.启动成功后稳定运行50 d,对COD、NH+4-N、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91. 8%、99. 0%、71. 5%和94. 2%,系统缺氧反硝化除磷去除1 mg·L~(-1)的PO_4~(3-)-P,同步消耗约0. 83 mg·L~(-1)的NO-3-N,满足同步脱氮除磷的要求.     

“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用分析

为了减少振动试验中的误差传递,介绍了振动夹具的设计,探讨“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用,并对夹具的性能参数进行了测试评估。     

基准镇流器的校准方法及不确定度评定

为可靠测试基准镇流器的电压/电流比、功率因数,本文简要介绍了基准整流器的校准方法,对校准结果的不确定度评定进行了分析,给出了测量结果的不确定度,同时验证了该校准方法的可行性。     

焦煤比对烧结烟气中挥发性有机物排放特性的影响

采用PF-300便携式甲烷、总烃、非甲烷总烃测试仪对烧结杯实验产生的烟气进行挥发性有机物含量分析,研究了烧结燃料焦煤比对烟气挥发性有机物排放特性的影响,结果表明：挥发性有机物在烧结过程中持续释放,其排放趋势与NOx相一致;TVOCs和MHC的生成与煤粉和焦粉的挥发分有显著的相关性,以煤粉为主要燃料时,适当配加焦粉不仅对TVOCs和MHC具有物理减排效应,还存在煤焦混合协同减排的效应.同时对国内某钢铁烧结机进行TVOCs排放浓度及分样组成检测,表明：该钢铁烧结机烟气中挥发性有机物排放浓度较高,其结果与烧结杯实验所得曲线一致;烧结工序VOCs分样检测主要化合物为乳酸乙酯、丙酮、苯、甲苯、正己烷等.