基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感大数据分析南京市1984—2015年大气能见度变化趋势

对南京市1984—2015年Landsat 4／5／7／8卫星TM／ETM＋／OLI传感器获取的遥感数据,利用ENVI遥感软件的FLAASH大气校正模块,进行了区域大气能见度（ VIS）遥感反演。结果表明,时间跨度达30余年的Landsat卫星遥感数据影像序列反演的VIS呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪80年代数值较高,“差”能见度（＜10 km）的观测率不到6％,21世纪以来VIS下降明显,“差”能见度的观测率为20％～25％。与2010—2015年南京市PM10、PM2．5监测数据进行了对比,在城市空气清洁及污染较轻时,星地监测结果有较好的一致性,但中到重污染天气时FLAASH算法反演VIS偏高,侧重于代表离主城区距离远的偏远乡野山林地区的能见度状况。     

博斯腾湖矿化度遥感反演及空间分布特征研究

以我国最大的内陆淡水湖——博斯腾湖为研究对象,利用Terra/MODIS L1B空间分辨率为250 m和500 m的遥感反射率数据及湖水矿化度实测数据建立线性回归模型,分析湖表面矿化度的空间分布特征。结果表明:空间分辨率为500 m的1~7个波段组合建立的多元线性回归模型相关性最高(R~2=0.70),模型验证结果显示,实测值和反演值的相关系数(R~2)为0.82,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.12。利用最优模型对博斯腾湖湖面矿化度进行反演,其分布存在明显的空间梯度,西北、东北和东南湖区矿化度较高,而西南湖区和湖区南部矿化度较低。     

基于RS与GIS的毕节地区滑坡灾害危险性评价

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,用空间主成分分析法构建评价指标体系,并用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,以滑坡危害最重的贵州省毕节地区为研究区,选取地层岩性、降水量、土地利用、坡度等9个滑坡孕险因子作为评价指标,对该研究区进行了滑坡灾害危险性评价。通过与研究区的历史滑坡灾害记录结果进行比较发现,评价结果与实际状况较为吻合,说明该方法能较有效地用于对区域滑坡灾害危险性的评价。     

无人机航空遥感系统在灾害应急救援中的应用

自然灾害具有突发性特点,灾害应急救援的关键是灾害发生后的快速反应。及时快捷的灾情信息对于及时制定救援策略,提高救援效率和质量起着至关重要的作用。目前,由于卫星遥感和载人航空遥感在获取灾害信息时受时空分辨率、外界环境和使用成本的影响,其在灾害应急救援过程中的作用受到限制。无人机航空遥感系统具有实时性强、机动灵活、影像分辨率高、成本低的特点,且能够在高危地区作业。介绍了无人机航空遥感系统的构成及其在灾害应急救援方面的应用,具体介绍了这一系统在四川5.12大地震救灾中的应用情况。最后总结了无人机航空遥感系统在灾害应急救援中的优势,并提出了该系统目前存在的缺陷和改进办法。     

基于TM资料对上海区域热环境特征的分析

为了揭示城市热岛(UHI)形成机制,以TM卫星遥感资料为主要数据源,结合地面自动气象站(AWS)实测的气象资料,利用地表能量平衡参数化(SEBAL)的方法估算了净辐射通量和土壤热通量,分析了上海区域热环境特征.结果表明,TM地表温度与AWS实测地表温度具有较好的一致性;不同类型地表其地表温度差异明显,城市道路是城市中重要热量来源,绿地和水体面积的增加能有效地减轻城市热岛强度,同时也表明了卫星遥感资料在城市气候环境研究中的潜在价值.     

Monitoring Australian Rangeland Sites Using Landscape Function Indicators and Ground- and Remote-Based Techniques

If the goal for managing rangelands is to achieve a balance between production and conservation, then monitoring is essential to detect change and apply corrective action. In some range-land areas of northern Australia, monitoring has detected a tilt in the production-conservation balance towards excessive production. How big is this imbalance? Can it shift back? Robust monitoring is needed to answer these questions. The aim is to know what to monitor, and where. For example, to detect changes caused by livestock on rangeland forage production and soil erosion, indicators linking grazing disturbances to landscape function are needed, that is, indicators that signal how well landscapes are capturing, concentrating, and utilizing scarce water, nutrient, and organic resources. Studies in Australia and the USA document that simple vegetation and soil patch attributes can be measured as indicators of the 'state of health' of landscape function. For example, field and remote sensing-based grazing studies in Australia document that landscapes with a high cover of perennial plant patches function effectively to capture runoff water and nutrients in sediments, whereas landscapes with a low cover of these patches do not — they are dysfunctional — as indicated by large patches of bare soil. Aerial videography is proving to be a robust technique for measuring indicators of landscape function such as small patches of vegetation and the extent of bare soil. These indicators typically have a sigmoidal response to grazing impacts. We illustrate that if these indicators are measured on monitoring sites established near the sigmoidal 'point of inflection’ then small changes in these indicators can be detected.     

EOS-MODIS资料在陕西大雾监测中的应用

通过对MODIS资料通道光谱特性的分析，探索了适于大雾监测的通道组合和量化判识指标,并对2002年12月陕西发生的几次大雾天气进行了实时动态监测。此外对陕西大雾的成因进行了简要分析。     

Off-grid: community energy and the pursuit of self-sufficiency in British Columbia's remote and First Nations communities

Remote or off-grid communities in Canada primarily rely on diesel generators for the provision of their electricity. Often surrounded by potential renewable resources, they are characterised as the low-hanging fruit of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. While much is said about the promises of community energy projects, as well as technologies and policy mechanisms for addressing the needs of these communities, little attention has been paid to what communities, themselves, might want for their energy projects and what the implications of those desires might be for both technology development and community energy policies. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the on-going energy pursuits of a number of remote First Nations communities in British Columbia. It identifies a desire for community self-sufficiency as a primary motivation for engaging with energy projects on the part of the communities and discusses the various meanings and implications of self-sufficiency in the context of community energy projects. These meanings and implications primarily include the two dimensions of material self-sufficiency and political self-determination, the latter of which suggests a view of community energy projects as processes of decolonisation among First Nation communities in British Columbia. It then suggests that the pursuit of this goal is somewhat incongruent with the approach that government and industry have taken in addressing community energy, especially the way in which remote communities are viewed as the low-hanging fruit of various sustainability projects.     

The role of scientists in statutory interpretation of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Like many federal statutes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) contains vague or ambiguous language. The meaning imparted to the ESA's unclear language can profoundly impact the fates of endangered and threatened species. Hence, conservation scientists should contribute to the interpretation of the ESA when vague or ambiguous language contains scientific words or refers to scientific concepts. Scientists need to know at least these 2 facts about statutory interpretation: statutory interpretation is subjective and the potential influence of normative values results in different expectations for the parties involved. With the possible exception of judges, all conventional participants in statutory interpretation are serving their own interests, advocating for their preferred policies, or biased. Hence, scientists can play a unique role by informing the interpretative process with objective, policy‐neutral information. Conversely, scientists may act as advocates for their preferred interpretation of unclear statutory language. The different roles scientists might play in statutory interpretation raise the issues of advocacy and competency. Advocating for a preferred statutory interpretation is legitimate political behavior by scientists, but statutory interpretation can be strongly influenced by normative values. Therefore, scientists must be careful not to commit stealth policy advocacy. Most conservation scientists lack demonstrable competence in statutory interpretation and therefore should consult or collaborate with lawyers when interpreting statutes. Professional scientific societies are widely perceived by the public as unbiased sources of objective information. Therefore, professional scientific societies should remain policy neutral and present all interpretations of unclear statutory language; explain the semantics and science both supporting and contradicting each interpretation; and describe the potential consequences of implementing each interpretation. A review of scientists’ interpretations of the phrase “significant portion of its range” in the ESA is used to critique the role of scientists and professional societies in statutory interpretation.     

Predicting occurrence of juvenile shark habitat to improve conservation planning

Fishing and habitat degradation have increased the extinction risk of sharks, and conservation strategies recognize that survival of juveniles is critical for the effective management of shark populations. Despite the rapid expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) globally, the paucity of shark‐monitoring data on large scales (100s–1000s km) means that the effectiveness of MPAs in halting shark declines remains unclear. Using data collected by baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) in northwestern Australia, we developed generalized linear models to elucidate the ecological drivers of habitat suitability for juvenile sharks. We assessed occurrence patterns at the order and species levels. We included all juvenile sharks sampled and the 3 most abundant species sampled separately (grey reef [Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos], sandbar [Carcharhinus plumbeus], and whitetip reef sharks [Triaenodon obesus]). We predicted the occurrence of juvenile sharks across 490,515 km² of coastal waters and quantified the representation of highly suitable habitats within MPAs. Our species‐level models had higher accuracy (? ≥ 0.69) and deviance explained (≥48%) than our order‐level model (? = 0.36 and deviance explained of 10%). Maps of predicted occurrence revealed different species‐specific patterns of highly suitable habitat. These differences likely reflect different physiological or resource requirements between individual species and validate concerns over the utility of conservation targets based on aggregate species groups as opposed to a species‐focused approach. Highly suitable habitats were poorly represented in MPAs with the most restrictions on extractive activities. This spatial mismatch possibly indicates a lack of explicit conservation targets and information on species distribution during the planning process. Non‐extractive BRUVS provided a useful platform for building the suitability models across large scales to assist conservation planning across multiple maritime jurisdictions, and our approach provides a simple for method for testing the effectiveness of MPAs.