饮用水源地生态环境现场监察技术研究

准确快速地确定生态监察目标,以信息化的手段辅助现场执法以提高现场环境执法效能,是饮用水源地生态环境监察的关键.基于高空间分辨率卫星数据,在构建饮用水源地生态环境监察分类体系的基础上,实现了利用卫星数据提取水源保护区的风险源信息,并对水源地所有风险源实现空间定位和准确统计.基于卫星数据和平板电脑,结合遥感技术、地理信息技术和定位技术,开发了水源地保护区现场执法系统,实现了现场数据的快速采集和“图属”一体化的业务集成,该系统可为水源地生态环境现场监察提供有利的技术手段.     

CAE软件跌落仿真在遥控器结构设计上的应用

本文介绍CAE(Computer Aided Engineering)仿真软件在提高遥控器液晶显示屏跌落保护中的应用,阐述CAE在产品设计上的重要性,使CAE仿真软件能得到广泛的应用。     

Predicting the Planform Configuration of the Braided Toklat River,Alaska, With a Suite of Rule‐Based Models1

Abstract: An ensemble of rule‐based models was constructed to assess possible future braided river planform configurations for the Toklat River in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. This approach combined an analysis of large‐scale influences on stability with several reduced‐complexity models to produce the predictions at a practical level for managers concerned about the persistence of bank erosion while acknowledging the great uncertainty in any landscape prediction. First, a model of confluence angles reproduced observed angles of a major confluence, but showed limited susceptibility to a major rearrangement of the channel planform downstream. Second, a probabilistic map of channel locations was created with a two‐parameter channel avulsion model. The predicted channel belt location was concentrated in the same area as the current channel belt. Finally, a suite of valley‐scale channel and braid plain characteristics were extracted from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐derived surface. The characteristics demonstrated large‐scale stabilizing topographic influences on channel planform. The combination of independent analyses increased confidence in the conclusion that the Toklat River braided planform is a dynamically stable system due to large and persistent valley‐scale influences, and that a range of avulsive perturbations are likely to result in a relatively unchanged planform configuration in the short term.     

Application of Remote Sensing Detection and GIS in Analysis of Vegetation Pattern Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta

Abstract

Regional vegetation pattern dynamics has a great impact on ecosystem and climate change. Remote sensing data and geographical information system (GIS) analysis were widely used in the detection of vegetation pattern dynamics. In this study, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the study area. By using 1986, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2005 remote sensing data as basic information resource, with the support of GIS, a wetland vegetation spatial information dataset was built up. Through selecting the land-scape metrics such as class area (CA), class percent of landscape (PL), number of patch (NP), largest patch index (LPI) and mean patch size (MPS) etc., the dynamics of vegetation pattern was analyzed. The result showed that the change of vegetation pattern is significant from 1986 to 2005. From 1986–1999, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS decreased, the NP increased, the vegetation pattern tends to be fragmental. The decrease in vegetation area may well be explained by the fact of the nature environment evolution (Climate change and decrease in Yellow River runoff) and the increase in the population in the Yellow River Delta. However, from 1999–2005, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS increased, while the NP decreased. This trend of restoration may be due to the implementation of water resources regulation for the Yellow River Delta since 1999.     

基于FY2C卫星数据的藏北高原降水估算研究

如何确切的掌握降水的时空分布,对区域气候、水文和生态应用等至关重要。以藏北高原典型区为研究区,在大量地面实况降水观测数据与对长时间序列FY 2C 影像光谱特征和云图特征分析的基础上,获取卫星降水模拟参数特征集以刻画云降水的发生与发展过程,选用最值归一化方法对不同量纲云图特征参数进行归一化处理。构建基于三层前向型反向传播神经网络的卫星降水估算模型,用于该地域降水估算,并采用多指标体系分析模型的降水模拟精度。结果表明：静止气象卫星红外波段能较精确地揭示云的降水机理,较高时间分辨率遥感图像可以监测云图的变化细节,并获取能够反映云图降水特征的降水模拟参数;人工神经网络能较好地刻画该地域卫星降水特征的非线性规律;三层前向型反向传播神经网络卫星降水估算模型的估算结果与雨量计实测值间的相关性可以达到0.57。模型估算结果系统性的低估偏小,预示着对该地域弱降水强度将有较好的指示性     

汛期连云港市重点断面污染来源调查研究

长期以来汛期江苏省部分重点断面水质下降明显,是当地水环境质量提升的难点之一.选取连云港市重点断面为研究对象,应用手工监测和卫星遥感监测方法,分析4个典型断面水质变化特点;通过三维荧光溯源分析方法,确定农业源和生活源是主要污染源;结合现场核查,发现秸秆还田沤水和雨污分流不到位是导致典型断面水质下降的主要原因.研究提出,手...     

电加热服装的研制

本文采用电加热原理,研制了一种加热服装,由背心、电池和加热载体三部分组成,可遥控操作不同的发热功率,全功率发热时间大于3h,衣内表面温度不低于50℃。     

Estimating Annual Groundwater Evapotranspiration from Phreatophytes in the Great Basin Using Landsat and Flux Tower Measurements

Escalating concerns about water supplies in the Great Basin have prompted numerous water budget studies focused on groundwater recharge and discharge. For many hydrographic areas (HAs) in the Great Basin, most of the recharge is discharged by bare soil evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET) from phreatophyte vegetation. Estimating recharge from precipitation in a given HA is difficult and often has significant uncertainty, therefore it is often quantified by estimating the natural discharge. As such, remote sensing applications for spatially distributing flux tower estimates of ET and groundwater ET (ET_g) across phreatophyte areas are becoming more common. We build on previous studies and develop a transferable empirical relationship with uncertainty bounds between flux tower estimates of ET and a remotely sensed vegetation index, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Energy balance‐corrected ET measured from 40 flux tower site‐year combinations in the Great Basin was statistically correlated with EVI derived from Landsat imagery (r² = 0.97). Application of the relationship to estimate mean‐annual ET_g from four HAs in western and eastern Nevada is highlighted and results are compared with previous estimates. Uncertainty bounds about the estimated mean ET_g allow investigators to evaluate if independent groundwater discharge estimates are “believable” and will ultimately assist local, state, and federal agencies to evaluate expert witness reports of ET_g, along with providing new first‐order estimates of ET_g.     

喹诺酮类抗生素在城市典型水环境中的分配系数及其主要环境影响因子

沉积物作为抗生素在水环境中的主要赋存介质,越来越多的研究关注抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为;但此前研究多基于实验室模拟,而在自然水环境中抗生素的分配行为及其与环境因子相关性研究则较少关注.鉴于此,以石家庄市地表水和沉积物为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS）分析石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类（QNs）抗生素的时空分布特征,计算其在水和沉积物中的分配系数,并确定自然水环境中分配系数的主要环境影响因子.结果表明：①在石家庄市水体和沉积物中QNs含量分别为8.0~4.4×10³ ng·L^-1和16~2.2×10³ ng·g^-1,其中恩诺沙星（ENR）和氧氟沙星（OFL）分别是水体和沉积物中主要的QNs抗生素;②石家庄市水体中QNs总含量呈现12月（1.0×10⁴ ng·L^-1）大于4月（5.5×10³ ng·L^-1）的趋势,沉积物中QNs亦呈现12月（7.8×10³ ng·g^-1）大于4月的趋势（6.2×10³ ng·g^-1）;③石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的分配系数变化范围为34~2.9×10⁵ L·kg^-1,且呈现12月大于4月的趋势;④相关性分析结果表明,总氮（TN）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝氮（NO₂^--N）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）与大部分QNs［OFL、诺氟沙星（NOR）、ENR、双氟沙星（DIF）和喹酸（OXO）］分配系数显著相关,温度（T）、总有机碳（TOC）和总溶解性固体颗粒物（TDS）与个别QNs［马波沙星（MAR）和DIF］分配系数显著相关.因此,水体富营养化水平会影响抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为.     

Hormesis-like growth and photosynthetic physiology of marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin exposed to polystyrene microplastics

• Polystyrene microplastic caused hormesis-like effects in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. • Low concentration of microplastic promoted growth, otherwise the opposite was true. • The change trends of pigment contents were opposite at two initial algae densities. • The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more sensitive at low algae density. The effects of pristine polystyrene microplastics (pMPs) without any pretreatment at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L) on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin at two initial algae densities (10⁵ and 10⁶ cells/mL) were assessed in this study. Hormesis-like effects were found when microalgae grew with pMPs. The results showed that pMPs inhibited microalgae growth under a high concentration of microplastics tolerated by individual algal cell (low initial algae density) (up to −80.18±9.71%) but promoted growth when the situation was opposite (up to 15.27±3.66%). The contents of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c and carotenoids showed resistance to pMPs stress under a low initial algae density and increased with time, but the opposite was true under a high initial algae density. Compared with the low initial algae density group, Qp received less inhibition, and NPQ (heat dissipation) also decreased under the high initial algae density. Under the low initial algae density, OJIP parameters such as S_m, N, Area, Pi Abs, ѱ_o, φ_Eo, TRo/RC and ETo/RC were more perturbed initially and returned to the levels of the control group (without pMPs) over time, but they remained stable throughout the experiment at high initial algae density. These results show that microplastics in the marine environment may have different toxic effects on P. tricornutum at different growth stages, which is of great significance for understanding the impact of microplastics on marine microalgae and aquatic ecosystems.