The potential of remote sensing data for decision makers at the state, local and tribal level: experiences from NASA’s Synergy program

NASA’s Earth Observation System (EOS) satellite data are contributing to the development of policy relevant, remote sensing applications. To promote the use of EOS data for application development, NASA funded the Synergy program in 2000 in partnership with academia, end users, and industry. Three examples of remote sensing applications from the Synergy program are presented here and include agriculture, range management, and water resource management. These examples show that remote sensing products have the potential to be useful to a variety of decision makers and policy makers because of the opportunity to reduce chemicals in the environment, improve crop yields and better manage range lands and water resources. Transitioning from research and development to successful applications must overcome challenges such as the lack of awareness by end users of these technologies, inadequate feedback mechanism between application developers and end users, and unproven cost benefits of remote sensing data. Experience from the Synergy program indicates that these issues could be mitigated by educating and training end users, demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data in improving decision making, and establishing and maintaining a continuous dialogue between developers and end users. Sustainability of remote sensing applications ultimately depends on users continuing reliance on products and benefits from remote sensing data. The Synergy program also demonstrates that remote sensing data sets that are collected primarily for global change research contribute to the development of applications in a variety of disciplines at the regional and local level.     

染料废水脱色方法

染料污水中污染物主要来自一些成色物质，如活性黄、活性蓝、碱性紫、碱性蓝等，染料的可生化性一般都较差，并使污水呈现出一定的色度，影响了美观。本文就染料废水最新的一些脱色方法进行了探讨。     

固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用

固定化（主要为固定化微生物）技术，由于降解效率高，抗逆性强等优点，在废水处理中应用广泛。按作用方式不同，固定化技术可分为4类，其中吸附法与包埋法应用较多。为提高机械强度与处理效率，包埋剂常与交联剂和吸附剂联用。结合90年代以来，固定化方法的研究成果和应用实例对化技术作了较全面的论述。     

海藻酸钠包埋活性炭与活性污泥的固定化技术

以海藻酸钠为包埋剂，以粉末活性炭和硅藻土分别为吸附剂，探索了用蠕动泵滴动法制备固定化活性污泥球形颗粒的工艺过程，并对所制备的固定化活性污泥球形颗粒，进行了餐厅废水的处理静态实验，从中检验了固定化颗粒的性能。实验结果表明，以活性炭为吸附剂添加制得的固定化活性污泥球形颗粒，具有较好的处理能力，是一种合适的材料，而以硅藻作为吸附剂添加时则效果较差。     

北京市数字遥测地震台网技术系统

地球科学是一门观测科学,地震观测是研究与应用工作的基础。因此,布设科学合理、运行稳定可靠的观测台网,可更好地为地震监测预报、地震应急以及科学研究提供保障。本文较系统的介绍了北京市数字遥测地震台网,并就系统建设过程中的一些技术问题进行了论述。     

上海市中心城区地表温度与绿地覆盖率相关性研究

利用卫星遥感提取的外环线以内绿地信息和由热红外波段资料反演的地表温度。对绿地覆盖率和中心城区地表温度进行相关分析。结果表明：在上海市外环线以内的大范围内。在有损估计的条件下。地表温度(T）和绿地覆盖率(S)之间满足线性关系；T=33.2132-4.6915S(r^2=1.000),即对整个外环线范围地区。绿地覆盖率每增加1％。地表平均温度将下降0．047℃；绿地对热岛效应的减缓作用。在斑块水平上体现明显，在绿地斑块水平上，地表温度(T)和绿地覆盖率(S)之间满足非线性关系：T=32.733 0.0121S-0.0011S^2 0.0000074S^2 (r^2=0.985)。用延安中路绿地作为检验表明,绿地建成后,地表平均温度降低了0．87～1．29℃。     

辽东湾MODIS生物光学算法研究(I) 算法适用性评估

辽东湾是典型的复杂二类水体,我们利用2002~2004年在辽东湾现场实测的叶绿素a数据(分光法、荧光法和HPLC法),以及水面之上法现场实测的离水辐射率和遥感反射率数据模拟的MODIS各相应波段值对MODIS海洋水色算法进行了评估。评估的MODIS生物光学算法有四个,即CZCS_pigm、chlor_MODIS、chlor_a_2和chlor_a_3算法。结果表明,两个一类水体生物光学算法(CZCS_pigm和chlor_MODIS)反演值与分光法和荧光法测试分析结果相比,算法均低估了叶绿素a浓度,与HPLC分析结果相比算法高估了叶绿素a浓度;两个二类水体算法(chlor_a_2和chlor_a_3)与所有叶绿素a分析方法相比,均高估了叶绿素a浓度。根据MODIS生物光学算法在辽东湾的具体表现,我们认为HPLC法分析的叶绿素a浓度更适合于作为海洋水色算法评估的现场检验依据。叶绿素a浓度的反演值和实测值之间较低的相关系数则显示MODIS两个一类水体算法所采用的波段比值不适合本海区。     

In situ IR,pulse reaction and TPD-ITD study of catalytic performance of room-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation on supported gold catalysts

With in situ IR, two different CO adsorption bands were detected on various chemical state gold catalysts. One band is attributed to the linear CO on an oxidized gold catalyst(2100 cm i ), the other one is ascribed to the bridged CO on metallic gold (2085 cm- i ). CO pulse reaction showed that Au/Fe203 catalyst had a room-temperature activity even in the presence of moisture. The produced CO2 was detained and more easily desorbed from supported gold catalyst than support oxide. TPD-IDT results indicated that the 02- superoxide ions are the possible active oxygen species.     

提高大型锻件冲击韧性的技巧

为提高大锻模件的冲击韧性,从不同的角度对其关键的影响因素进行了深入分析与探讨。同时,提出了改进措施。     

可可西里特拉什湖中微塑料污染特征、来源和生态风险

微塑料作为一种新型污染物，近年来已成为环境科学的研究热点.为探究青藏高原无人环境中的微塑料污染，以可可西里自然保护区特拉什湖作为研究区域，分析了湖滨沉积物中微塑料的丰度分布、物理形貌和成分特征.在此基础上，讨论了微塑料的潜在来源，并利用污染负荷指数(PLI)模型和风险指数(H)模型评估了微塑料的生态风险.结果表明，特拉什湖沉积物中微塑料丰度范围为39.58～247.92 n·m^-2，平均丰度为(107.08±101.34) n·m^-2.这一结果可作为现阶段微塑料污染研究的自然背景参考值.纤维占微塑料总数的79.49%，透明和小粒径(<1 mm)的微塑料占很大比例，确定的主要聚合物是聚酯(51.28%).纺织品是特拉什湖微塑料的主要来源，可能来自特拉什湖以西，通过大气环流长距离运输至该区域.生态风险评估模型显示，特拉什湖的微塑料污染负荷较轻；尽管少数点位的生态风险指数较高，但总体上该区域的微塑料污染仍处于较低水平.