中国水土重金属污染的防治对策

目前我国水土重金属污染的形势严重.现行执法的依据《污水综合排放标准》体现了对持久蓄积性污染物实行封闭零排放的原则精神.但目前从水质的监测评价到污染物的削减控制过程中,存在着一系列背离和混淆二类污染物排放标准和控制要求的问题.为扭转当前我国水土重金属严重污染,首要的应从端正环境保护系统的技术路线开始,并阐述了其技术要点;同时还提出对5种重点重金属实施独立的环境保护立法,才能保证源头严控超量排放技术路线的实施.     

地面风对瓦里关山大气CO2本底浓度的影响分析

使用 1994年 7月— 2 0 0 0年 7月大气CO2 和地面风现场连续观测资料 ,分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站 (36°17′N ,10 0°5 4′E ,海拔 3816m)地面风变化对大气CO2 本底浓度的影响 .结果表明 ,水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CO2 观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同 .由大量观测事实的统计平均还给出了瓦里关山大气CO2 浓度在不同季节的分布范围和日变化类型 ,并分析了形成原因 .将地面风数据作为大气CO2 本底资料的过滤因子之一 ,提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原地区大气CO2 本底数据筛选方法     

灰色局势物元分析进行河流优化布点

运用灰色局势的级数法和物元分析对河流环境监测点进行优化,在同级水质基础上,选择最佳理想点和最次理想点作为优化点,优化方法简单、快捷。实例表明灰色局势物元分析法用于河流环境监测优化布点是可行的     

调水对汉江中下游水质和水环境容量影响研究

南水北调中线工程拟从位于汉江上游的丹江口水库调水 ,研究采用一维圣维南非恒定流方程和一维对流扩散方程模拟预测汉江中下游干流的总体水质状况 ,对多年平均流量条件下汉江中下游的现状水环境容量及调水工程实施后的水环境容量损失进行了预测 ,为南水北调中线工程提供了科学的决策依据。     

危险废物填埋场候选场址比选方法研究

危险废物填埋场选址问题是填埋场建设的一个极其重要的环节,选址的优劣程度直接影响到该危险废物填埋场建设的成败.从运输、环境保护、建设场地和地质条件等因素的整体综合评价出发,建立了以层次分析法为基础的候选场址比选方法,包括评价程序、评价因素的选择和矩阵判断方法等.将该方法应用于危险废物填埋场的选址实践,通过不同专家的评分确定了各因素的权重系数(kijL)和实际贡献权重(bijL),并计算得出了候选场址的先后次序.     

用物元分析进行水质环境监测优化布点的研究

本文首次提出利用物元分析对水质环境监测优化布点的新方法。在确定了最佳和最次理想点基础上，建立了标准事物和节域事物的物元矩阵。该法具有计算简便、分析合理和容易推广的优点。     

Does promiscuous mating preclude female choice? Female sexual strategies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

According to sexual selection theory, females should selectively mate with high-quality males to enhance offspring survival and maximize reproductive success. Yet, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) females are known to mate promiscuously. Although there is substantial rationale for a promiscuous mating strategy, there is also a strong expectation that females should be selective, and the question arises as to whether promiscuity precludes female choice. The aims of this study are to: (1) compare wild female chimpanzee sexual strategies throughout estrus, and (2) determine whether females exhibit mate preferences for particular males. Over 2,600 h of data were collected on two habituated chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) communities in the Taï National Park, Côte dIvoire. Female mate preferences were measured by quantifying proceptivity and receptivity toward males. Results indicate that all females exhibited proceptivity and resistance to male solicitations, but that there was substantial variation in their magnitudes within and among females. Female proceptivity rates were lower and resistance rates were higher in the periovulatory period (POP) when conception is most likely. Females were more selective during POP, and more promiscuous outside of POP, suggesting that females may follow a mixed reproductive strategy, being selective when conception is likely and more promiscuous when conception is unlikely. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the fertility window when determining female mate preferences, and of examining female behavior in POP and non-POP phases separately when evaluating hypotheses for multi-male mating.Communicated by C. Nunn     

Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds

A growing body of evidence suggests that social bonds have adaptive value for animals that live in social groups. Although these findings suggest that natural selection may favor the ability to cultivate and sustain social bonds, we know very little about the factors that influence the quality or stability of social bonds. Here, we draw on data derived from a 16-year study of baboons living in seven different social groups in the Amboseli basin of Kenya to evaluate the quality and stability of social bonds among females. Our results extend previous analyses, which demonstrate that females form the strongest bonds with close maternal and paternal kin, age mates (who may be paternal kin), and females who occupy similar ranks but are not maternal relatives. Here we show that the same factors influence the quality and strength of social bonds. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the quality of social bonds directly affects their stability.     

Testing the ability of males and females to respond to altered songs in the dueting green lacewing, Chrysoperla plorabunda (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Green lacewings in the carnea group of Chrysoperla engage in species-specific heterosexual duets using low-frequency substrate-borne signals. Within each species, both sexes sing nearly identical songs. Songs are the principal barriers to hybridization between sympatric species in the complex. Here, we investigated the responsiveness of males and females of Chrysoperla plorabunda to synthesized, prerecorded songs that differed from the species mean in the period between repeated volleys of abdominal vibration. We tested 15–16 males and 15–16 females using playbacks of two signals that gradually increased or decreased in volley period, starting at the species mean. We found that (1) duets during courtship are accurate, interactive, and adjustable by each participant; (2) in staged duets, both sexes respond best to song tempos near the mean volley period of their population, but can nonetheless maintain duets with signals of nearly twice, or half, the normal volley period; (3) individuals fine-tune their adjustments to signals of different volley periods by changing their own volley duration and latent period, or less often by inserting extra volleys or skipping every other volley; (4) males are significantly better at matching signals of changing tempo than females; and (5) the range of song responsiveness of C. plorabunda does not overlap the natural range of volley periods found in Chrysoperla adamsi, an acoustically similar sibling species, thus reaffirming strong behavioral isolation. In sum, the precise, almost unbreakable heterosexual duets characteristic of song species of the carnea group result from tight mutual feedback between partners. Effective reproductive isolation between species can be based on song differences alone.     

Female yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) prefer yellower males: a laboratory experiment

The importance of male plumage coloration as a signal of male dominance and a cue for female choice in the monogamous yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella, was tested in two sets of experiments in an indoor aviary. Dominance was tested by introducing two individuals, with no previous experience of each other, in an aviary with food and water. Aggression occurred more often between two males than between a male and a female and more frequently between pairs of males including at least one old male than between two young males. Dominance was not related to male colour in trials between males of the same age class, but it was in trials between an old and a young male, often differing in colour. Thus, age may be a more important determinant of dominance than colour. Female preference for more colourful males was tested by allowing hormone-induced females to choose between a more and a less colourful dummy male. Females spent more time in front of more colourful than drabber males and also more often perched beside colourful males than duller individuals. Although male colour cannot be ruled out as a dominance signal, the results suggest that male colour is primarily used as a signal in mate choice. Female choice may hence be responsible for maintenance of bright plumage in the male yellowhammer.