汉江流域水权初始配置模型研究

水权管理的关键和难点是水权的初始分配。做好初始水权的分配,能够促进水资源的优化配置,达到以水资源的可持续利用支持国民经济和社会的可持续发展。根据水权初始分配有效性、公平性、可持续性发展的原则,分析了水权初始分配的主要影响因素,主要是经济发展、用水效益、平均分水、现状用水、水源地优先、生态环境以及社会发展;构建了水权初始分配的层次结构图;采用多目标半结构性模糊优选模型研究流域水权初始分配,该模型根据人的经验知识量化原理确定定性指标的相对优属度和各指标的目标权重,为确保模型的实用性,目标值重要性比较时采取了专家咨询手段;定量指标则根据实际情况采用越大越优型的相对优属度公式或越小越优型相对优属度公式。     

Immune activation affects chemical sexual ornaments of male Iberian wall lizards

Many animals use chemical signals in sexual selection, but it is not clear how these sexual traits might have evolved to signal honestly male condition. It is possible that there is a trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. We experimentally challenged the immune system of male Iberian wall lizards, Podarcis hispanica, with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide), without pathogenic effects, to explore whether the immune activation affected chemical ornaments. Immune activation resulted in decreased proportions of a major chemical in femoral secretions (cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol = provitamin D(3)) known to be selected in scent of males by females and which active form (vitamin D) has a variety of important effects on immune system function. This result suggests the existence of a potential trade-off between physiological regulation of the immune system and the allocation of essential nutrients (vitamins) to sexual chemical ornaments in male lizards.     

生态补偿对象的空间选择研究——以甘南藏族自治州草地生态系统的水源涵养服务为例

生态补偿对象的空间选择研究是生态补偿机制的基础性和支撑性研究,对建立高效合理的生态补偿机制具有十分关键的作用。目前国内在生态补偿的理论和实践研究中很少专门研究补偿对象的选择问题,这种不考虑空间异质性对整个补偿区域实施统一的标准补偿势必会影响到补偿的效率。有鉴于此,基于补偿资金效率考虑,构建以土地所有者提供的生态系统服务、土地所有者的参与成本和生态系统服务受损风险为参数的空间选择模型,以甘南藏族自治州草地生态系统水源涵养服务为例,乡镇为基本研究单元,采用聚类分析法将全州划为五大等级补偿区:优先补偿区、次级优先补偿区、次级补偿区、临界补偿区和潜在补偿区或可能补偿区。对各级补偿区的特征分析结果表明:①草地生态系统的优先补偿主体主要分布在纯牧区,而非优先补偿区主要分布在半农半牧区、林业区和农业区;②基于补偿资金效率考虑的补偿优先度与草地生态系统退化风险呈现高度的吻合状态,草地生态系统的优先补偿区又是高退化风险区(生态脆弱区);③草地生态系统的补偿效率与生态重要性呈现出吻合的状态,即草地生态系统的优先补偿区又是重要生态功能区;④甘南州近17%的草地为低效率和无效率补偿区,也是非生态脆弱区和非重要生态功能区,基于生态脆弱性、生态重要性和补偿效率考虑,这部分草地可暂时给予较低标准的补偿。     

部队弹药库房温湿度监测仪器选型研究

对温湿度监测仪器发展现状进行了阐述,对部队弹药库房温湿度监测的现状进行了详细分析,进而对部队弹药库房温湿度监测仪器选型进行了需求分析和方案设计,为规范弹药库房温湿度管理、确保库存弹药储存安全和促进部队弹药库房正规化建设提供了思路和借鉴。     

合理选择啤酒废水污染治理方案

啤酒行业废水产生量大,CODcr、BOD5浓度高,可生化性强。国内科研单位对啤酒废水进行了长期的实验和实践,取得了很多成功经验。文章介绍了啤酒行业废水产生环节、产生量和水质,针对废水特点,以具体案例分析,说明污染防治措施选择方法,通过先进可靠技术方法和具体项目有机结合,使污染防治措施具有较强的科学性和针对性,从而更好为建设单位、设计部门和环境管理部门提供依据。     

Software sensor design based on empirical data

Software sensor design consists of building an estimate of some quantity of interest. This estimate can be used either to replace a physical measurement, or to validate an existing one. This paper provides some general guidelines for the design of software sensors based on empirical data. When the model is a priori unknown, the problem can be stated in terms of non-parametric regression or black-box modelling. Complexity control is the main difficulty in this setting. A trade-off must be achieved between two antagonist goals: the model should not be too simple, and model identification should not be too variable. We propose to address this issue by a penalization algorithm, which also estimates the relevance of input features in the identification process. A data-driven software sensor should also provide accuracy and validity indexes of its prediction. We show how these indexes can be estimated for complex non-parametric methods, such as neural networks. An application in environmental monitoring, the design of an ammonia software sensor, illustrates each step of the approach.     

The evolution of empty nuptial gifts in a dance fly, Empis snoddyi (Diptera: Empididae): bigger isn't always better

Adaptive female choice is thought to have led to the evolution of nutritionally valuable nuptial gifts in many insect species. However, in several dance fly species, males offer and females accept “empty gifts” with no nutritional value. In the species studied here, Empis snoddyi Steyskal, males produce empty balloons comprised of hundreds of silk bubbles and form mating swarms that females approach to investigate males. Males within the swarm engage in agonistic interactions. The empty balloon has been hypothesized to be an indicator of male condition such that males with larger balloons are predicted to have higher mating success and be more successful in male-male interactions than males with smaller balloons. We examined the role of male body size and balloon size in the context of intersexual and intrasexual selection. We found that neither male body size nor balloon size affected the outcome of pairwise male-male interactions. Using multiple-regression techniques, we found significant linear selection for increasing male body size and decreasing balloon size associated with mating success, a surprising result given a positive relationship between male body size and balloon size. A visualization of selection showed the highest peak of male mating success for larger males with intermediate-size balloons. These results can be explained by a trade-off between long-range attraction of females using large balloons and close-range attraction of females via improved flying efficiency associated with smaller balloons. Both male body size and balloon size are important components in determining male mating success; however, the empty balloon does not appear to play a typical role as a sexually selected ornament. Received: 29 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 7 October 1998     

GC-EAD responses to semiochemicals by eight beetles in the subcortical community associated with Monterey pine trees in coastal California: similarities and disparities across three trophic levels

Summary.  Antennae of six sympatric bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, Ips mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier, and Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim), and two scolytid predators, Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and Lascontonus tuberculatus Kraus (Colydiidae), were analyzed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) for their responses to synthetic Ips spp. pheromone components, and host and nonhost volatiles. The beetles emerged from cut logs of pitch canker-infected Monterey pine trees, Pinus radiata D. Don. There were significant disparities in EAD response patterns to the hemiterpene and monoterpene alcohol pheromone components that are typically produced by Ips spp. Antennae of I. p. maritimus responded strongly to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, amitinol, and lanierone; antennae of I. mexicanus responded strongly to (1S,2S)-(–)-cis-verbenol, with weaker responses to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, and amitinol; antennae of H. tenuis responded to (1S, 2R)-(–)-trans-ver-benol, with less pronounced responses to (–)-cis-verbenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol; and antennae of D. valens, G. retusus, and P. sericeus generally responded to all Ips spp. pheromone components except 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (D. valens and G. retusus) and E-myrcenol (G. retusus and P. sericeus). Ips mexicanus responded only to the (–)-enantiomers of ipsenol and ipsdienol, whereas I. p. maritimus responded to (–)-ipsenol, but to both the (+)- and (–)-enantiomers of ipsdienol. The antennae of the two predaceous insects (E. sphegeus and L. tuberculatus) responded to a range of the Ips spp. pheromone components. Host monoterpenes elicited no antennal responses from E. sphegeus, G. retusus, H. tenuis, and I. mexicanus, but several monoterpenes elicited various levels of responses from D. valens and I. p. maritimus antennae. Interestingly, antennae of female D. valens responded to (–), but not (+)-limonene. α- and β-Pinene elicited weak responses from L. tuberculatus antennae. EAD responses to selected nonhost volatiles were almost identical among the six scolytid species, with trans-conophthorin eliciting the strongest response in most cases, followed by three C₆- alcohols and two C₈-alcohols. The antennal responses by most of these species to linalool or geranylacetone were very weak; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and benzyl alcohol elicited almost no response. The response pattern of P. sericeus to nonhost volatiles differed slightly from the rest of the scolytids: a strong response to linalool, weaker response to the C₈-alcohols. The two predaceous Coleoptera generally had weak, but detectable, responses to nonhost volatiles, except for a relatively strong response to trans-conophthorin by L. tuberculatus. No notable differences in EAD responses were observed between males and females of the two Ips spp. Our results provide an electrophysiological baseline for future efforts to identify attractive and repellent semiochemicals (aggregation pheromones, host kairomones, or nonhost interruptants) for this guild of scolytids and their key predators that are associated with moribund and pitch canker- infected P. radiata.     

用于文本分类的特征选择方法

文本分类是文本挖掘的一个重要的研究方向,用机器学习方法进行特征选择对文本分类起关键作用．文章比较了文档频数、信息增益、互信息、恐统计量、期望交叉熵、文本证据权以及几率比等7种常用于文本分类的特征选择方法．采用人民网的中文文本语料和Rocchio算法对以上的特征选择方法分别进行了评估实验,实验结果表明,几率比的性能优于其它特征选择方法．表1、参5．     

Trade-offs associated with dietary specialization in corallivorous butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chaetodon</Emphasis>)

Increasing dietary specialization is an inherently risky strategy because it increases a species’ vulnerability to resource depletion. However, risks associated with dietary specialization may be offset by increased performance when feeding on preferred prey. Although rarely demonstrated, highly specialized species are expected to outperform generalists when feeding on their preferred prey, whereas generalists are predicted to have more similar performance across a range of different prey. To test this theory, we compared the growth rates of two obligate coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodon trifascialis and Chaetodon plebeius) maintained on exclusive diets of preferred vs nonpreferred prey. In the field, C. trifascialis was the most specialized species, feeding almost exclusively on just one coral species, Acropora hyacinthus. C. plebeius meanwhile, was much less specialized, but fed predominantly on Pocillopora damicornis. During growth experiments, C. trifascialis grew fastest when feeding on A. hyacinthus and did not grow at all when feeding on less preferred prey (P. damicornis and Porites cylindrica). C. plebeius performed equally well on both A. hyacinthus and P. damicornis (its preferred prey), but performed poorly when feeding on P. cylindrica. Both butterflyfishes select coral species that maximize juvenile growth, but contrary to expectations, the more specialized species (C. trifascialis) did not outperform the generalist species (C. plebeius) when both consumed their preferred prey. Increased dietary specialization, therefore, appears to be a questionable strategy, as there was no evidence of any increased benefits to offset increases in susceptibility to disturbance.