某垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化工艺选择分析研究

主要介绍了目前国内外常用垃圾焚烧烟气净化工艺,结合某垃圾焚烧厂实际情况,对酸性气体净化工艺、半干法脱酸塔工艺、脱硝工艺等工艺方案进行了比选分析,最终确定采用带SNCR脱硝系统的"半干法循环流化吸收反应塔脱酸+活性炭喷射+布袋除尘器除尘"组合工艺对焚烧烟气进行净化,可同时脱氮、脱酸、除尘、除二噁英和重金属,污染物排放能满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485-2014)的要求.     

大型超市火灾人员疏散路径优化研究

针对常州某大型超市的实际建筑结构和人员分布情况,利用计算机进行火灾情况下的人员疏散模拟,得出疏散路径、出口人员流量、疏散时间及疏散设施的使用情况等相关数据。疏散过程中路径选择是影响疏散时间的重要因素,而人员对超市环境的熟悉程度又是影响路径选择的重要因素。进行路径优化时,若以超市店员作为疏散的动态引导人,采用方向式动态引导,将人员引导至模拟中使用率较低的出口和楼梯,进行人员分流,能够缩短疏散时间,进一步优化疏散路径。从疏散路径选择和人员管理方面提出一种针对该超市的更为高效的疏散方法。     

基于IAHP的南海深水井喷快速应急技术优选

为支持深水井喷事故救援决策,有必要开展井喷快速应急技术优选。基于区间层次分析法(IAHP)构建了具有4个一级准则和12个二级准则的深水井喷快速应急技术优选模型。首先得到准则层优先级顺序,即在选用井喷应急技术时,一级准则依次考虑控油能力、作业实施速度、设计制造速度、恶劣环境适应能力等因素;二级准则依次考虑装置控油机理、设计速度、安装作业速度、水合物抑制能力等因子。最后面向南海深水井喷风险,根据优选模型与应急技术特征参数,得到方案层的8种应急技术优选顺序,给出的南海深水井喷控制方案可用于应急预案编制及事故现场应急处置。     

传统产业绿色转型升级路径选择研究

绿色经济作为一种新的经济形式,是传统产业转型升级的一种重要方向.利用归一化分析、专家咨询和层次分析法,对温州市传统产业的产值、利税、工资、能耗、水耗、污染物排放等指标进行分析,可得出各传统产业效益特征.针对不同产业的效益特征,可通过鼓励扶持、改造提升、延伸产业链等路径来推动传统产业的绿色转型升级.     

Experimental evidence for species-specific habitat preferences in two flycatcher species in their hybrid zone

Hybrid zones are often found in areas where the environmental characteristics of native habitat of both parental species meet. One of the plausible mechanisms that maintain species distinctiveness, or limit hybridization, is the existence of local species-specific preferences for the natal habitat type. We evaluated this hypothesis for two passerine bird species, the pied Ficedula hypoleuca and collared flycatcher F. albicollis, in their narrow hybrid zone in Central Europe. Both species have quite distinct habitat distributions, and they have also been reported to differ in their foraging niches. In a series of aviary experiments, we demonstrated that both species show distinct preferences for trees from their native area. The pied flycatcher preferred coniferous vegetation, while the collared flycatcher favored deciduous vegetation. In addition, both species differed in foraging substrate preferences. The pied flycatcher preferred to forage in the lower strata on the ground than the canopy, whereas the collared flycatcher foraged more at the canopy level. Both males and females of each species were highly consistent in their preference patterns. Due to the widespread nature of hybrid zones as places with transitional habitat features and the well-known habitat tight associations of various animal taxa with particular habitat types, we propose that habitat preferences might be an important and common mechanism that enhances the formation of conspecific pairs.     

Clonal structure affects the assembling behavior in the Japanese queenless ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pristomyrmex punctatus</Emphasis>

The queenless ant Pristomyrmex punctatus (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) has a unique society that differs from those of other typical ants. This species does not have a queen, and the workers lay eggs and produce their clones parthenogenetically. However, a colony of these ants does not always comprise members derived from a single clonal line. In this study, we examined whether P. punctatus changes its “assembling behavior” based on colony genetic structure. We prepared two subcolonies—a larger one comprising 200 individuals and a smaller one comprising 100 individuals; these subcolonies were established from a single stock colony. We investigated whether these subcolonies assemble into a single nest. The genetically monomorphic subcolonies (single clonal line) always fused into a single nest; however, the genetically polymorphic subcolonies (multiple clonal lines) did not tend to form a single colony. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the colony genetic structure significantly affects social viscosity in social insects.     

Male-biased predation of western green lizards by Eurasian kestrels

Selective predation can be an important force driving the evolution of organisms. In particular, sex-biased predation is expected to have implications for sexual selection, sex allocation and population dynamics. In this study, we analysed sex differences in the predation of the western green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) by the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) during the reproductive season. In addition, we investigated whether the rate of predation differed during the 8-year study period and among the three habitats studied. We collected lizard remains from nest boxes of kestrels. Freshly killed lizards were sexed by visual inspection, whilst the sex of head remains was assigned by analysing the cephalic scale morphology using geometric morphometrics. Our results show that the risk of being predated by a kestrel in our population was overall about 3.55 times higher for males than for females. To our knowledge this is the first study showing a male-biased predation in a lizard species. The selective predation of males was consistent between years over the 8-year study period (1999-2006) and also consistent between the three types of kestrel hunting habitat. Overall predation rates on lizards differed between habitats, depending on the year. We propose that the observed sex-biased predation is mainly due to sex differences in lizard behaviour.     

人工湿地对二级出水中NH3-N、TP去除效果

在水力停留时间为1～7 d的条件下,研究石菖蒲、美人蕉、水芋、杜鹃、一叶兰和袖珍椰子等6种植物湿地系统在表面流情况下对二级出水中NH3-N、TP的去除效果.结果显示,6种植物湿地系统对二级出水中NH3-N、TP的去除效果存在差异,但随着水力停留时间的加长,各系统的总体变化趋势较为接近.分析认为,植物的吸收不是污水中N、P去除的主要原因,但植物的环境适应性对NH3-N的去除有一定影响.在中水回用的设计中,湿地植物的选择可以从美学角度出发,选择具有较强环境适应性的湿地或水生植物,以增加湿地系统的景观效果;同时在以二级出水为原水的表面流人工湿地设计中,水力停留时间不宜大于4 d.     

Reducing the Maladaptive Attractiveness of Solar Panels to Polarotactic Insects

Abstract: Human‐made objects (e.g., buildings with glass surfaces) can reflect horizontally polarized light so strongly that they appear to aquatic insects to be bodies of water. Insects that lay eggs in water are especially attracted to such structures because these insects use horizontal polarization of light off bodies of water to find egg‐laying sites. Thus, these sources of polarized light can become ecological traps associated with reproductive failure and mortality in organisms that are attracted to them and by extension with rapid population declines or collapse. Solar panels are a new source of polarized light pollution. Using imaging polarimetry, we measured the reflection–polarization characteristics of different solar panels and in multiple‐choice experiments in the field we tested their attractiveness to mayflies, caddis flies, dolichopodids, and tabanids. At the Brewster angle, solar panels polarized reflected light almost completely (degree of polarization d ≈100%) and substantially exceeded typical polarization values for water (d ≈30–70%). Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Trichoptera), dolichopodid dipterans, and tabanid flies (Tabanidae) were the most attracted to solar panels and exhibited oviposition behavior above solar panels more often than above surfaces with lower degrees of polarization (including water), but in general they avoided solar cells with nonpolarizing white borders and white grates. The highly and horizontally polarizing surfaces that had nonpolarizing, white cell borders were 10‐ to 26‐fold less attractive to insects than the same panels without white partitions. Although solar panels can act as ecological traps, fragmenting their solar‐active area does lessen their attractiveness to polarotactic insects. The design of solar panels and collectors and their placement relative to aquatic habitats will likely affect populations of aquatic insects that use polarized light as a behavioral cue.     

Male Mutation Bias and Possible Long‐Term Effects of Human Activities

Abstract: The ability of a population to adapt to changing environments depends critically on the amount and kind of genetic variability it possesses. Mutations are an important source of new genetic variability and may lead to new adaptations, especially if the population size is large. Mutation rates are extremely variable between and within species, and males usually have higher mutation rates as a result of elevated rates of male germ cell division. This male bias affects the overall mutation rate. We examined the factors that influence male mutation bias, and focused on the effects of classical life‐history parameters, such as the average age at reproduction and elevated rates of sperm production in response to sexual selection and sperm competition. We argue that human‐induced changes in age at reproduction or in sexual selection will affect male mutation biases and hence overall mutation rates. Depending on the effective population size, these changes are likely to influence the long‐term persistence of a population.