华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

粉末活性炭-微滤组合工艺处理重庆山地农村微污染水源

考察平板式微滤膜装置(MF)直接过滤和投加粉末活性炭(PAC)2种工艺对重庆山地农村微污染水源水的处理效果,并对其运行参数进行优化。试验结果表明:重庆山地农村安全供水工程不能单独采用MF装置直接过滤工艺;PAC-MF组合工艺能有效提高产水水质,PAC的最佳投加量为3 mg/L;在工作周期的前20 min内,膜通量下降迅速,下降幅度高于跨膜压差的上升幅度;MF装置经过反清洗后膜通量恢复迅速,可恢复至初始膜通量的97.5%;水力清洗对跨膜压差的影响大于其对膜通量的影响,PAC-MF组合工艺处理微污染水源最优的反冲洗周期为50 min。     

典型村镇生活垃圾动态淋滤过程中污染物的释放特征研究

选取我国东、中、西部3个地区6个典型村镇的生活垃圾,设计了两种淋滤强度:低强度(10 mm·d~(-1))和高强度(20 mm·d~(-1)),采用室内降雨模拟实验,研究了生活垃圾污染物如CODCr、BOD5、TN和NH3-N等的动态淋滤释放特征.结果显示,两种淋滤强度下,3个地区淋滤液pH值整体随时间的增加呈现小幅的上升,变化范围分别在6.5~8.0(10 mm·d~(-1))和5.5~8.0(20 mm·d~(-1))之间;CODCr呈现显著下降(1~2周)、缓慢下降(2~7周)和相对平稳(7~10周)3个阶段.淋滤液BOD5在前6周降低明显,在第7和第8周基本达到了溶出的平衡点.淋滤液TN分别在第8周(10 mm·d~(-1))和第7周(20 mm·d~(-1))基本达到了溶出平衡,NH3-N分别在第8周(10 mm·d~(-1))和第6周(20 mm·d~(-1))基本达到了溶出平衡.整个淋溶周期内(10周),淋滤液CODCr、BOD5、TN和NH3-N浓度变化规律整体呈现:高强度(20 mm·d~(-1))淋滤条件下浓度降低率高于低强度(10 mm·d~(-1)).     

农村水环境治理的内生机制研究

农村水环境内生治理机制是外源治理力量"嵌入"的前提和运行保障,加强农村内在要素的水环境治理参与对于农村生态社区建设具有重要意义.内生治理效用的高低不仅取决于农村社区成员的组织化程度还较多受到环境政策执行效果的影响,细致分析时下农村水环境治理的内部结构,农户参与不足、民间组织承接能力不高、社区公共性消减和政策执行偏差等问题在较大程度上制约着农村内生秩序与农村生态社区建设的和谐共进.进一步厘清农村水环境内生治理的强化进路,可从参与渠道拓展、民间组织培育、内生秩序转型以及治理规范制定四个方面加以调整,不断促进农村水环境治理的内外互动.     

How do flexibility i‐deals relate to work performance? Exploring the roles of family performance and organizational context

Drawing on the work–home resources model and conservation of resources theory, in this study, we explore how flexibility idiosyncratic deals (i‐deals) relate to employees' work performance through their family performance. In line with the work–home resources model, we introduce 2 contextual conditions to explain when our proposed associations may unfold. One is a facilitator: perceived organizational support; and the other is a stressor: perceived hindering work demands. The results of a matched sample of employees and their supervisors working in 2 companies in El Salvador support our hypotheses. Our findings show that the benefits of flexibility i‐deals to the work domain (i.e., work performance) extend only through the family domain (i.e., family performance). Our findings also emphasize that flexibility i‐deals do not unfold in a dyadic vacuum: For employees who perceive organizational support to be higher, the association between flexibility i‐deals and family performance is stronger, whereas for employees who perceive hindering work demands to be lower, the association between family performance and employee work performance is also stronger. We contribute to i‐deals research by (a) exploring a relevant mechanism through which flexibility i‐deals influence work performance, (b) integrating the role of social context to emphasize the social aspects of i‐deals, and (c) enriching the i‐deals literature by introducing a resource perspective.     

Little things that count: A call for organizational research on microbusinesses

The purpose of this Incubator is to encourage organizational researchers to attend to the most common type of business in the United States—the microbusiness. After defining and describing these businesses, we propose research questions on defining and managing performance, organizational citizenship, and work–family conflict in this novel business setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

借鉴日本《净化槽法》健全我国农村生活污水治理政策机制

推进农村生活污水治理是落实党的十九大精神、改善农村人居环境、打好农业农村污染防治攻坚战的重要任务。本文经深入研究日本《净化槽法》及配套法规政策的制定过程和实施效果,提出健全治理管理制度和技术标准体系、强化城市反哺农村促进机制、完善政府主导—市场运作—农民参与保障机制等对策建议,为我国现阶段规范和推动农村污水治理工作提供有益借鉴。     

基于模糊优劣系数法的农村生活污水处理技术优选评价方法

农村生活污水处理设施示范推广中,对技术方案进行定量优选评价有助于提高决策的科学性.为此,本文建立了一个考虑了技术经济性、有效性和适宜性的农村生活污水处理技术评价指标体系,评价指标包括有机物去除率、氨氮去除率、总磷去除率、基建成本、运行成本、占地面积、经济收益、技术稳定度、管理方便度和生态协调度等.同时,建立了基于模糊优劣系数法的农村生活污水处理技术优选评价方法,即在备选方案初步筛选的基础上,采用本文建立的指标体系对备选方案的技术性能和研究地区的技术需求进行模糊赋值,构建优劣关系评判矩阵,计算各方案的模糊优劣系数并进行排序,从而获得最佳方案.最后以常州市友谊村为例进行了应用分析.结果发现,评价结果符合当地的实际情况.该方法不仅考虑了农村生活污水处理技术的性能和应用地区对农村生活污水处理的技术需求,更强调了两者之间的匹配性,可为农村生活污水处理技术示范推广提供决策分析工具.     

临沧市农村饮用水源地水质现状及环境保护

由于农村生活、农业生产过程等污染,临沧市农村饮用水源地水质现状不容乐观。为保障农村饮用水安全,应加强农村饮用水源地的环境调查,尽快科学划分饮用水源保护区,完善饮用水环境基础设施建设及水质监测制度,严格执法、强化环境监管。     

Rural Labor Transfer Mode and Regional Nonequilibrium Degree Comparative Study in Shandong and Henan Provinces

With the rapid propulsion of the industrialization and urbanization, it becomes a common problem which every country must face in the period of its urbanization that rural surplus labor flow to cities in a large scale. As the first two biggest demographic provinces in China, Shandong and Henan have millions of rural surplus labor, and at the same time, the two provinces cover the similar area. Thus, on the subject of rural labor transfer, the two provinces have much comparability. Considering Shandong and Henan as examples, the author analyzes the transfer modes of rural labor in the aspects of transfer region type, transfer industry type, transfer population type, transfer time type, and transfer income. On this basis, the author builds regional nonequilibrium degree index system of rural labor transfer. And the author makes the quantitative analysis and a comprehended evaluation of Shandong and Henan provinces' regional nonequilibrium degree of rural labor transfer.