Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

饮用原水中微量NH_3-N的生物膜脱除

针对NH3-N浓度为1mg.l-1的饮用原水,分别以硅锰砂石和聚胺脂海绵作为硝化生物膜载体,考察了自制固定床生物膜反应器的脱氨效果.30d的连续运行结果表明,砂石载体系统达到95%—100%的NH3-N去除率,出水NH3-N浓度接近0,出水NO2--N浓度在0—0.02mg.l-1之间;而海绵载体系统虽然挂膜快,但运行阶段NH3-N去除率仅为10%—35%,出水NH3-N不能达标,且具有生物可降解性,反硝化过程优先导致NO2--N的积累.进一步考察了硅锰砂石生物膜系统稳定运行的最优参数,得出试验条件下,水力停留时间为6min,气水比为1:1,反冲洗周期为6d.硅锰砂石因其良好的孔隙率、粒径分布和密度等物理特性,以及化学稳定性和生物安全性,是含低浓度NH3-N原水生物膜净化的良好载体选择.     

腐殖酸对As(V)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响

对腐殖酸(HA)进行了成分分析及红外表征,并从HA浓度、pH值、As(Ⅴ)初始浓度等方面,研究了HA对As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响.结果表明,随着HA浓度的升高,总砷去除率逐渐降低.当HA浓度增加到25mg.l-1时,与不存在HA条件下相比,总砷去除率降低了12%左右.溶液pH值影响As(Ⅴ)的去除,pH值从6升高到8时,总砷去除率从52.1%降到了39%.其中的作用机理主要是HA与As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂表面形成竞争吸附,HA争夺了As(Ⅴ)的吸附点位.此外,HA与Fe(Ⅲ)的络合作用也是导致覆铁砂对砷的去除率降低的一个重要原因.     

How to Build an Efficient Conservation Fence

Abstract:  Barriers are used to achieve diverse objectives in conservation and biosecurity. In conservation management, fences are often erected to exclude introduced predators and to contain diseased animals or invasive species. Planning an efficient conservation fence involves a number of decisions, including the size and design of the enclosure. We formulated the first general framework for building a fence that minimizes long-term management costs by balancing the expense of constructing a more secure barrier against the costs of coping with more frequent failures. The approach systematically considers the range of potential solutions to a well-defined fencing problem and results in a solution that maximizes conservation return on investment. We illustrated this method by designing efficient fences to address two different conservation goals: exclusion of invasive predators from populations of threatened eastern barred bandicoots ( Perameles gunnii ) and maintenance of isolated populations of healthy Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ). A systematic approach to conservation fencing allows the best fence design to be chosen quantitatively and defensibly. It also facilitates conservation decisions at a strategic level by allowing fencing to be compared transparently with alternative conservation management actions.     

六价铬在具有渗透性反应墙的渗流槽中迁移实验研究

地下水中六价铬的污染修复是目前地下水污染修复研究的热点课题之一。以室内模拟为基础,进行了六价铬[Cr（Ⅵ）]随水流迁移的渗流槽实验,以及利用课题组研发的新型壳聚糖材料填充渗透性反应墙（PRB）,进行六价铬吸附试验研究。结果表明：在重金属迁移实验中,地下水的流速是影响Cr（Ⅵ）在含水层中迁移的主要因素,含水层介质的变化都会对Cr（Ⅵ）的迁移发生重要的影响。实验过程中,从进水口到出水口各个取样点依次出现Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值,并且随着时间的延长,质量浓度峰值没有减少的趋势,证明了Cr（Ⅵ）在含水介质中基本上没有吸附。Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值在含水介质中的持续时间不长,由于弥散作用造成了在相当长的时间内的较明显的拖尾现象。模拟渗透性反应墙的实验中,在同样的流速条件下,Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值的出现时间相对先前的实验有明显滞后,并且质量浓度也有明显的减少,说明新型壳聚糖材料对Cr（Ⅵ）有较高的吸附作用,再达到质量浓度的峰值后,墙体后面的采样口中Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度减少的更为平缓,说明随着水流的流动,吸附在壳聚糖材料上的Cr（Ⅵ）有缓慢的析出。     

滤速对慢滤池深度处理生活污水的影响

为进一步提高再生水水质,将慢滤池用于污水二级处理出水的进一步处理。选取浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数4个指标,利用实验室小试装置,研究了0.1、0.3、0.5m/h这3种滤速下慢滤池的性能。结果表明,滤速由0.1m/h升高至0.3m/h时,慢滤池出水水质略有下降。而滤速由0.3m/h升高至0.5m/h时,慢滤池出水水质下降显著。滤速小于等于0.3m/h时,慢滤出水浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数平均为0.4NTU、25.9mg/L、14.9°、5×10^3CFU/mL。慢滤对这4个指标的平均去除率分别为78.6%、36.0%、34.0%、62.3%。为获得优良的水质,建议慢滤池用于污水深度处理时,滤速宜小于0.3m/h。但实际工程中,用户对再生水水质要求不高时,则可适当增大慢滤池滤速。     

尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区观测资料,依据尘卷风热力学理论和方法,估算出在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶贡献的年平均量为4.0× 106t,年最大量为5.0×106t,与该地区沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶年均贡献量相当.依赖于太阳辐射强度季节变化,尘卷风的起沙量具有与地面温度同步的季节变化规律.     

The economic impact of the invasion of Acacia saligna in Israel

This paper illustrates the use of alternative, non-market valuation methods to estimate the economic value of ecological damage caused by the invasive plant Acacia saligna. We discuss the motivation to perform an economic valuation for bio-invasion in general and then examine the costs and benefits of conservation management programmes that reduce the risk of A. saligna invasion at the Nizzanim Long-Term Ecosystem Research (LTER) nature reserve in Israel. The study found that the annual mean willingness to pay (WTP) for containment or eradication of A. saligna was US$8.41 and US$8.83, respectively. The value placed on conserving the nature reserve was then compared to the cost of containment or eradication of the species, enabling a standard economic benefit–cost analysis. The result of this analysis showed that, using the most conservative method of valuation of the nature reserve, eradication of A. saligna gave a net benefit.     

Study on static and dynamic strength characteristics of tailings silty sand and its engineering application

Through high pressure oedometer-undrained triaxial tests and dynamic triaxial tests, researches were conducted on the static and dynamic strength characteristics of the tailings silty sand of No. 4 tailings reservoir in De-xing copper mine. The Mohr-stress circles of the tailings silty sand under all the testing confining pressure show that the single line failure envelope cannot represent the strength characteristics absolutely, the double line failure envelope can express the strength properties when confining pressures are less than 1400 kPa, and the parabolic failure envelope can reflect the strength characteristics well under all the testing confining pressures. The grading curve of the tailings silty sand indicates that the grain composition is relatively homogeneous. Thus, the tailings silty sand is susceptible to liquefy under the dynamic loading. Dynamic triaxial tests of the tailings silty sand show that the tailings silty sand in deep areas has more liquefaction resistance strengths than in shallow. The possible explanation is that the structure of the deep tailings silty sand is more stable than the shallow one. The tests also reveal that the liquefaction resistance increases with the dry density when it is in the range of 1.51-1.61. The results can be used to guide the construction and ensure the safety of No. 4 tailings dam or other high tailings dams.