不同水源补给情形的溪流沟渠沉积物磷形态及释放风险分析

2015年5~12月,在合肥地区3条分别以城市污水厂尾水、食品加工废水和农业排水-地下水渗流为主要补给水源的溪流沟渠上,按季节采集表层沉积物样,分析沉积物磷赋存形态;通过磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算,评估溪流沟渠沉积物的磷潜在释放风险,并以非参数检验方法,对3条溪流沟渠开展差异性分析.结果表明:1关镇河支渠和陶冲小溪流水体磷素污染严重,3条溪流沟渠磷污染程度排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流,其中关镇河支渠沉积物TP平均含量为1 376.95 mg·kg-1,分别是磨店小溪流和陶冲小溪流的2.94和1.91倍;2 3条溪流沟渠沉积物中各形态磷含量差异显著,且在含量高低排序方面存在一定差异性;3 3条溪流沉积物的PSI值季节性变化特征明显,而且每条溪流沟渠所有采样点变化规律基本一致,即总体上都表现出秋季最高,冬季次之,春、夏季基本相当且相对最低的变化特征;4由PSI、DPS及ERI评估得到的磷释放风险特征基本一致,相应的磷释放风险高低排序为:关镇河支渠陶冲小溪流磨店小溪流;5差异性分析表明,3条溪流沟渠几乎在所有指标上存在显著的差异性.     

基于声环境影响的交通利用率研究

以实例分析为基础,提出并采用交通声环境饱和度、交通声环境容量及交通声环境利用率等指标对区域对道路的可利用水平及实际利用的情况进行对比分析,阐明区域内道路声环境容量的利用优劣;进而提出以此为基础对区域内的交通道路的开发利用前景,并对今后区域道路的规划、兴建以及对现有城市交通路线的交通车辆的配置及交通车辆分流调整提供一定的指引。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

我国西南地区氮饱和马尾松林土壤和植物15N自然丰度对长期氮施加的响应

我国快速增长的氮沉降可能造成森林生态系统的氮饱和,进而导致一系列严重的环境后果.为了深入研究氮沉降对我国森林生态系统的影响,进而评价和预测森林生态系统的氮状态,本研究选取我国西南地区典型的马尾松林生态系统,对土壤和植物的15N自然丰度(δ15N)进行了测定,探讨用15N富集因子(εp/s)作为氮状态指标的可行性.对该马尾松林连续7 a施加NH4NO3或Na NO3的控制实验结果表明,长期的高氮输入显著增加了土壤和植物的δ15N.同时,该生态系统对不同形态的氮输入有不同的响应,即在NH+4沉降下δ15N显著高于NO-3沉降下的值.15N富集因子与氮沉降量、净硝化速率和淋溶量均呈显著的正相关关系,特别是本研究与之前研究的所有马尾松林的15N富集因子与氮沉降量之间线性相关,表明15N富集因子可用来表征氮状态.由于在相同氮沉降的情况下,NH+4的效应强于NO-3,建议我国在未来控制氮氧化物排放的同时也应当重视氨的排放控制.     

Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.     

自然及强制饱和煤样的力学特征试验研究

为探讨不同饱水状态下煤的力学变化特征,利用RMT-150B岩石力学系统并自行设计及研制煤样饱和试验装置,对自然饱和与强制饱和的煤样进行单轴、三轴压缩静载试验。结果表明:煤样强制饱和前后波速变化明显,强制吸水后波速增加51.75%;强制饱和煤样单轴抗压强度比自然饱和煤样平均降低了7.61MPa,降幅54.83%;三轴压缩时不同围压下强制饱和煤样峰值强度平均降低了19.5MPa,降幅31.18%;强制饱和煤样吸水量较自然饱和煤样大,K值降低。基于Mohr-Coulomb准则及有效应力原理,推导出孔隙水压与黏聚力、抗压强度呈负相关,表明强制饱和煤样的黏聚力与抗压强度均低于自然饱和煤样,并与试验结果对比验证。     

长期土壤酸化模型(LTSAM)

以碱总量守恒为基础，以Ｕｌｒｉｃｈ缓冲范围为模型主要框架建立了兼能描述酸性与石灰性土壤长期酸化反应过程的动态模型．经与ＳＭＡＲＴ模型在理论设计和模拟结果两方面作对比之后，又利用新建模型以北京地区典型褐土为例进行了硫沉降与酸（Ｈ＋）沉降的对比计算．结果表明：（１）ＬＴＳＡＭ模型能够很好地反映土壤缓冲酸的主要机制．（２）模式运行即稳定又省时．（３）大气硫沉降不同于酸沉降．也就是说，硫沉降改变时，阳离子（尤其是主要离子）沉降量的变化应当加以考虑．     

石灰石对粉煤灰堆放场灰水及赤泥废水中氟离子吸附能力试验

利用石灰石对某粉煤灰堆放场灰水及某铝厂赤泥废水中的氟离子进行模拟吸附试验.分别从石灰石对氟离子的吸附量、F-浓度、pH及总硬度四个方面,分析石灰石对可溶性氟的吸附能力.结果表明,石灰石对中性水质中可溶性氟有较强吸附能力,而对强碱性水质中的可溶性氟的吸附能力微弱.这一结论可为地下水氛污染防治提供理论基础.