基于GIS的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划

根据四川盆地东南部再生稻生长发育、产量形成与气象条件的关系,结合重庆市气候资源特点,指出影响重庆再生稻的主要气候问题是：再生稻生育期间的光热条件、抽穗扬花期的低温阴雨和休眠芽萌发期的高温干旱。以此为基础,本文选取对再生稻生长发育及产量形成影响较大、且分布差异显著的气象因子：生育期间的积温和日照时数作为再生稻气候生态区划指标;在1〖DK〗∶25万DEM的基础上,利用ARCGIS软件计算得到区划指标的空间分布,制作了精细化的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划,将重庆市再生稻栽培区划分为光温丰富再生稻适宜栽培区、热量丰富光照较丰再生稻适宜栽培区、光照丰富热量较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区和光热较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区4种类型区,对各类型区气候资源和气象灾害特点进行了分区评述;并从再生稻与其它晚秋作物协调发展、年度种植计划制定、高产栽培等方面针对性地提出了对策措施建议,促进了重庆市再生稻生产的健康发展     

县域主体功能分区研究 ——以江苏宜兴市为例

主体功能区划是协调我国当前经济快速发展与资源环境保护问题的有效途径之一。以位于经济快速发展的长江三角洲江苏宜兴市为例,在建立宜兴市主体功能分区评价指标体系的基础上,采用主成分分析法确定各评价因子权重,运用灰色关联投影模型分别计算资源环境约束、现有开发强度、未来发展潜力3个投影值并划分高、中、低3个等级;根据各镇资源环境 开发强度 发展潜力组合类型,利用三维魔方图分类法进行主体功能区划,将宜兴市划分为优化整合区、重点拓展区、适度发展区、农林优先区、生态保护区5个主体功能区,分区结果更加突出主体功能区从开发型到保护型逐步过渡的“主体功能”特性。此外,通过灰色关联投影模型计算出的评价样本投影值用模的大小和评价样本与理想样本间的夹角余弦的乘积表示,使得评价结果更为全面、准确     

GIS支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾区划初探

基于自然灾害系统理论,构建内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的旱灾评价系统模式,表明灾情是致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体综合作用的产物。以锡林郭勒盟的旱灾程度、救灾等级、备灾能力（经济水平与社会状况）、应急能力（物资储备及物流通达水平）、恢复能力（恢复与重建）等重要指标为核心,对锡林郭勒盟的旱灾灾前、灾中、灾后三个阶段的响应能力进行评价与地域划分,并与锡林郭勒盟的旱灾等级区划相结合,构建了灾害-响应程度模型。     

Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris L.) of Bering Island, the Commander Islands: Age and Sex Composition of Dead Animals and Spatial Distribution

Animal censuses and assessment of mortality in the sea otter subpopulation of Bering Island (the Commander Islands) have shown that indices of seasonal mortality may be used as a criterion for estimating well-being of this animal group. In 1999, the subpopulation of Bering Island entered a phase of stabilization of its spatial, age, and sex structure, with the stabilization process proper taking approximately three years after a peak of mortality. Mortality in the course of this process proved to be relatively high in age groups older than eight years but insignificant among middle-aged reproductive animals. As the age and sex structure of the insular group varies during the year and in different coastal areas, the data obtained by collecting dead animals cannot be used for estimating the structure of the whole population.     

Modelling Seasonal Dynamics from Temporal Variation in Agricultural Practices in the UK Ammonia Emission Inventory

Most ammonia (NH₃) emission inventories have been calculated on an annual basis and do not take into account the seasonal variability of emissions that occur as a consequence of climate and agricultural practices that change throughout the year. When used as input to atmospheric transport models to simulate concentration fields, these models therefore fail to capture seasonal variations in ammonia concentration and dry and wet deposition. In this study, seasonal NH₃ emissions from agriculture were modelled on a monthly basis for the year 2000, by incorporating temporal aspects of farming practice. These monthly emissions were then spatially distributed using the AENEID model (Atmospheric Emissions for National Environmental Impacts Determination). The monthly model took the temporal variation in the magnitude of the ammonia emissions, as well as the fine scale (1-km) spatial variation of those temporal changes into account to provide improved outputs at 5-km resolution. The resulting NH₃ emission maps showed a strong seasonal emission pattern, with the highest emissions during springtime (March and April) and the lowest emissions during summer (May to July). This emission pattern was mainly influenced by whether cattle were outside grazing or housed and by the application of manures and fertilizers to the land. When the modelled emissions were compared with measured NH₃ concentrations, the comparison suggested that the modelled emission trend corresponds fairly well with the seasonal trend in the measurements. The remaining discrepancies point to the need to develop functional parametrisations of the interactions with climatic seasonal variation.     

太湖东北部沉积物可溶性氮、磷的季节性变化

通过快速释放实验,研究了太湖东北部营养水平不同的梅梁湾、贡湖湾和胥口湾3个湖区表层沉积物中可溶性氮、磷的季节性变化.结果表明,沉积物总磷(TP)与其释放的可溶性总磷(DTP)在春、夏两季显著相关并且以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主;春、夏两季DOP与可溶性无机磷(DIP)的形态间转化较秋、冬两季更为活跃.藻型湖区沉积物的总氮(TN)多为夏季减少,而清洁型湖区则为夏季大幅增加;沉积物释放的NH₄⁺-N以夏、冬两季居多,夏季达到最大值;沉积物释放的NO₃^--N夏季大幅度增加,冬季较少.清洁型湖区夏季沉积物的TN及其释放的NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N显著高于藻型湖区.     

三峡库区填埋场和焚烧厂渗滤液水质季节性差异

分析了重庆长生桥垃圾填埋场和同兴焚烧厂渗滤液在常规水质和溶解性有机质组成结构方面的季节性差异. 结果表明,填埋场渗滤液在夏季的ρ(COD_Cr), ρ(TOC), ρ(BOD₅),ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(VFA)均高于其他季节,相应指标在冬季最低,但ρ(NH₃-N)和 pH的季节性差异不明显. 填埋场渗滤液中DOM组成结构的季节性差异较大,表现在冬季渗滤液中HA所占比例最高,为16.1%,而春、夏季分别为6.6%和8.1%;冬季渗滤液中HyI所占比例最低,为32.7%,其他季节为41.9%～43.5%;ρ(FA)的季节性差异相对较小. 填埋场中ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异较大,夏季较高,冬季较小. 焚烧厂渗滤液的常规水质,DOM的构成及ρ(FA)/ρ(HA)的季节性差异均很小.      

复合垂直流人工湿地基质氧化还原酶活性研究

对复合垂直流人工湿地系统(IVCW)基质中5种常见的氧化还原酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,氧化还原酶活性存在显著性季节差异,过氧化物酶在春、夏、秋三季的酶活性显著高于冬季的酶活性(P＜0.05);多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性最高在秋季;脱氢酶在夏、冬两季时酶活性显著高于秋季和春季的酶活性(P＜0.05);硝酸盐还原酶在春、冬季时显著高于夏、秋季(P＜0.01).空间分布上,除过氧化物酶外,湿地下行流池的酶活性显著高于上行流池,并且随着基质深度的增加递减;但基质硝酸盐还原酶各层之间差异不显著.图6表3参17     

“三北”地区沙棘种植地带划分与对策

中国“三北”地区不同生态气候地带,需要布设不同适宜性的沙棘品种,并严格按照适地适树的原则,因地制宜,方能达到预期的生态经济效果。“三北”沙棘种植地区,主要包括黄土高原南部半湿润森林草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、黄土高原中部半干旱草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、黄土高原北部干旱荒漠草原气候生态型沙棘种植地带、冀北辽西半干旱半湿润草原气候生态经济型沙棘种植地带、东北北部冷湿草原气候经济型沙棘种植地带(简称“五带”)。每一地带基本上都有各自适宜的自然种源区及良种繁育中心(基地、站、点)。沙棘“五带”种植地带划分方案的实质,是防止引种工作中的一窝蜂现象,实现科学规划,精心种植。在保证沙棘引种区域化的前提下,要注意培育沙棘优良品种、防止病虫害蔓延和通过产品打入国际市场来拉动国内沙棘种植的步伐。     

汉江中下游干流水质变化趋势及持续性分析

汉江是长江中游最大的支流,近年来水质污染日趋严重,且范围有逐渐扩大趋势。随着流域内经济社会发展用水量增长以及2014年南水北调中线一期工程建成引水,汉江中下游流域水资源、水生态环境压力日益显现,流域管理面临较大挑战。利用汉江中下游干流襄阳、仙桃和汉口3个主要的水质监测控制断面1998~2011年实测水质资料中5个水质项目,采用季节性肯达尔检验法对其项目进行了变化趋势检验与分析,并用叠加型指数法验证趋势分析的合理性;结合Hurst指数分析了趋势变化的持续性,结果表明季节性肯达尔检验法方法合理,持续性分析结果可预测未来水质变化,并为水环境保护和管理提供技术参考。