PATTERNS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1

Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m³/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m³/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm-flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.     

A RATIONALE FOR THE REGIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT. A rationale is set forth for requiring and/or encouraging the consolidation or regionalization of all systems beneath certain population size levels based on the small water systems’ capability to produce an adequate supply of safe drinking water at a reasonable cost to customers. Estimates for basic costs of water service including personnel, other operation and maintenance and capital are made and a range of water rates is suggested based on reasonableness and acceptability to customers. Guidelines are then drawn for a moderate rate of $10.00 per month and an upper limit rate of $15.00 per month to show the sizes at which public water systems might be expected to achieve fiscal viability. Finally, recommendations are made to State and Federal governmental agencies concerning possible legislation, plans and programs to achieve better public water service through the regionalization or consolidation of small public water systems.     

FOREST HYDROLOGY AND EXTREME RAINFALL FREQUENCY1

Extreme rainfall frequency analysis provides one means to predict, within certain limits of probability, the average time interval between the recurrences of storms of a specified duration and magnitude. This in turn furnishes the forest hydrologist a valuable tool for engineering design and runoff and erosion forecast. A modification in the application of the annual maximum and annual exceedance series analysis described by V. T. Chow can, for special purposes, lead to an even more useful estimate of extreme events on a seasonal basis. This can be particularly important on small forested headwater watersheds where the runoff response to extreme rainfall may vary considerably with seasonal changes in canopy cover and soil moisture characteristics. Although the application of data covering a relatively short period of record has produced some inconsistencies among the frequency diagrams, under certain circumstances for short-term recurrence interval forecast and for non-critical application the analysis of extreme rainfall frequency from less than 20 years data seems justified.     

REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT,B.C.1

Probability distributions that model the return periods of flood characteristics derived from partial duration series are proposed and tested in the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. Theoretical distributions describing the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of floods are found to provide a goof fit to the observed data. The five estimated parameters summarizing the flood characteristics of each basin are entered into a discriminant analysis procedure to establish flood regions. Three regions were identified, each displaying flood behavior closely related to the physical conditions of the catchment. Within each region, regression equations are obtained between parameter values and basin climatic and physiographic variables. These equations provide a satisfactory prediction of flood parameters and this allows the estimation of a comprehensive set of flood characteristics for areas with sparse hydrologic information.     

Reconstructed Stream Flow for the Salt and Verde Rivers From Tree-Ring Data1

ABSTRACT: The Salt and Verde Rivers of central Arizona provide the water supply for metropolitan Phoenix and a considerable acreage of irrigated agriculture. Rapid urbanization has caused concern over future water supply and aggravated flooding in the already flood-prone Salt River Valley. Tree-ring data were used as a proxy source to extend the annual and seasonal runoff records back to A.D. 1580 and thus to determine whether the period of record for annual discharge adequately represents the long term flow characteristics of the two rivers. Results show that several periods of extended low flow have occurred during the past 400 years, many of which were more severe then any comparable period since 1890. The low flow periods appear to have a recurrence interval of about 22 years. Also the gaged records contain an above average number of high seasonal and annual flows when compared to the entire 400 years. The reconstructions contain important implications for future water supply and flood potentials in the Salt River Valley.     

Seasonal evaluation and spatial variability of suspended particulate matter in the vicinity of a large coal-fired power station in India—A case study

Coal combustion in the power sector gives rise to the emission of primary and secondary particulate pollutants. Since the emission of pollutants depends on coal quality and combustion technology, and given that transport, transformation and deposition of contaminants depend on regional climatic conditions, specific studies for the power stations is needed to evaluate their environmental impacts. Monitoring of ambient respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels around a large coal-fired power station in India was carried out. The specific objectives were the determination of spatial and seasonal variability in RSPM and SPM levels, and their relationship with meteorological parameters such as wind velocity and relative humidity. The results have shown a marked seasonal trend and spatial variability in RSPM and SPM levels in the study area. Higher concentrations of ambient RSPM and SPM were found in downwind monitoring stations compared to upwind direction. Ratios of RSPM to SPM and correlation coefficient values between RSPM and SPM along with meteorological parameters were also worked out. Relative humidity and wind velocity have shown an inverse relation with particulate deposition pattern.     

The Use of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferases Activities as Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination Along the Northwest Portuguese Coast

With the aim of using Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast, the objective of this study was to provide background information related to: (1) baseline values of these enzymatic activities both in reference and contaminated areas and their responsiveness as indicators of exposure to environmental contaminants; (2) the importance of seasonal variations of such biomarkers in M. galloprovincialis along this area. For this, the activity of these enzymes was seasonally determined in mussels collected from four sites, including a reference and three stations with different contamination sources along the referred area. Statistically significant differences on both enzymatic activities were found among the four sampling stations, at the four sampling periods. In comparison to the reference station, lower AChE and higher GST activity values were found in mussels collected in stations potentially contaminated by pesticides and domestic/industrial effluents and in mussels collected in the vicinity of an oil refinery and an industrial/mercantile harbour, respectively. The results obtained in this work highlighted the potential suitability of these biomarkers to be used as components of environmental monitoring programs in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast. Since a seasonal variation in both enzymatic activities was found, the possible implications of such variability in the use of these enzymes as environmental biomarkers are also discussed.     

青藏高原尼洋河流域化学风化的季节变化特征和影响因素

流域风化是理解大陆岩石化学风化对全球气候变化的反馈机制的重要途径,目前的研究集中在大河流域,小流域特别是高寒地区流域化学风化的影响因素尚不确定。本文选择岩性相对单一、人为活动干扰少的青藏高原尼洋河流域为研究对象,开展一个水文年的采样分析,阐明高寒地区流域岩石化学风化的季节变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果显示：尼洋河河水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化,对河水中阳离子贡献量分别达到60%和29%,风化速率分别为0.20—19.00 t?km^?2?month^?1和0.09—0.80 t?km^?2?month^?1,年平均值分别为11.90 t?km^?2?a^?1和4.38 t?km^?2?a^?1。在一个水文年内,碳酸盐岩风化明显受到季节变化的影响,而硅酸盐岩风化对季节变化的响应不明显,总体表现为雨季风化速率增加,旱季风化速率降低。地表径流是控制尼洋河流域化学风化的重要因素,径流增大,促进碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化,但岩石的溶解动力特征会限制径流对风化速率的促进作用。碳酸盐岩溶解速率大,径流增大能持续有效促进碳酸盐岩风化;而硅酸盐岩溶解速率小,随着径流量增大,风化速率增速降低。温度升高能有效促进尼洋河流域的岩石风化,提高岩石矿物的溶解速率。温度也能通过影响径流变化,间接影响流域的风化。位于高寒地区的尼洋河流域气候因素之间相互影响,也影响着物理风化和化学风化。为此,在高寒地区流域展开监测周期更长、采样密度更高的工作,将有助于更好地理解气候因素对风化作用的影响规律。     

西安市PM2.5中环境持久性自由基污染特征

环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）是相对传统短寿命自由基提出的一种半衰期较长的新型环境风险物质,可将O₂分子转化为活性氧物质,从而危害人体健康.为研究2018年西安市大气PM_2.5中EPFRs的种类、浓度及其来源,本文利用电子顺磁共振波谱方法对2018全年的大气PM_2.5样品进行EPFRs分析.结果表明：2018年西安市PM_2.5中EPFRs年平均大气浓度为2.16×10¹⁴spins/m³,范围为6.27×10¹²~1.07×10¹⁵spins/m³,呈现冬季>秋季>夏季>春季的季节变化特征.按照EPFRs年平均浓度计算出西安市民每人每天吸入体内EPFRs的量相当于7支香烟,而在冬季雾霾天气高达35支香烟.西安市PM_2.5中EPFRs的年平均g因子为（2.0034±0.0002）,说明其可能主要是以碳为中心的自由基.相关性结果发现EPFRs与SO₂和NO₂显著相关,说明煤炭燃烧源和交通源可能是西安市PM_2.5中EPFRs的重要来源.     

阜新市秋冬季节PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源

为研究阜新市秋冬交替期间大气PM_2.5无机元素污染特征及来源,于2017年10月、12月对城区4个点位采集样品,利用ICP-MS、AFS-8900、ICP-AES测定18种元素含量,结合气象参数,分析秋、冬两季PM_2.5污染特征,运用富集因子法（EF）、主成分分析法（PCA）及聚类分析法解析PM_2.5元素污染特征及来源.结果表明,阜新城区冬季PM_2.5质量浓度（56.5μg/m³）是秋季的1.5倍,秋、冬两季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为47.5μg/m³;冬季PM_2.5与SO₂、NO₂的同源性表现强于秋季;冬季PM_2.5中V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd、Hg、Mg、Ti 12种典型人为源标识性元素总质量百分比（8.78%）是秋季的1.45倍,表明城区冬季PM_2.5显著受到人为活动影响.富集因子分析显示EF值大于100的元素为Cd、Hg、Zn,冬季EF（Cd）高达532.34,可能与城南3km公里处露天矿坑大量残煤自燃排烟有关;冬季EF（Cr）比秋天增高了7.9倍.源解析结果表明,燃煤与工业烟尘、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧及土壤风沙扬尘是阜新PM_2.5无机元素的主要来源.秋季表现出明显的来源复合性,第一主因子解释了变量总方差的77.013%,聚类分析第1类包含了Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、As、V、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti和Mg 12种元素;冬季则表现出明显的来源广泛性,表明冬季PM_2.5来源相对复杂,应强化冬季PM_2.5污染综合防治与管控.