Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units （of the hybrid system） included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation. The performance analyses （across the wetland units） illustrated simultaneous denitrification and organics removal rates in the first stage vertical flow wetland, due to organic carbon leaching from the employed organic media. Higher mean organics removal rates （656.0 g COD]（m2.day）） did not completely inhibit nitrification in the first stage vertical flow system; such pattern could be linked to effective utilization of the trapped oxygen, as the flow was directed throughout the media by the baffle walls. Second stage horizontal flow wetland showed enhanced biodegradable organics removal, which depleted organic carbon availability for denitrification. The final stage integrated wetland system allowed further nitrogen removal from wastewater, via nutrient uptake by plant roots （along with nitrification）, and generation of organic carbon （by the dead macrophytes） to support denitrification. The system achieved higher E. coli mortality through protozoa predation, E. coli oxidation, and destruction by UV radiation. In general, enhanced pollutant removal efflciencies as demonstrated by the structurally modified hybrid wetland system signify the necessity of such modification, when operated under adverse conditions such as： substantial input organics loading, hydraulic loading fluctuation, and seasonal variation.     

Distribution and seasonal variation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential in the Huangpu River, China

Detection of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) in drinking water has led to rising concerns. There are, however, a paucity of studies on the distribution and seasonal variation of NDMA and NDMA formation potential(NDMA-FP) in natural waters, especially in China. For EDCs, limited studies have investigated the distribution and seasonal variation of estrone(E1), 17β-estradiol(E2), estriol(E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2), technical-nonylphenols(t-NP), and bisphenol A(BPA) in Shanghai. In this study, water samples were collected from 11 sampling sites along the Huangpu River in 2012. The distribution and seasonal variation of EDCs, NDMA, and NDMA-FP were investigated. The results showed that all of the 11 sampling sites were contaminated by the target compounds. Compared with E2 and EE2, higher E1 and E3 concentrations were usually detected in the Huangpu River. The values of 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) suggest a high possibility of endocrine effects on exposed organisms in the Huangpu River. NDMA-FP and t-NP were the dominant contaminants among the eight target compounds. The detection rates of the target compounds and their concentrations were both higher in dry seasons than in wet seasons. Higher concentrations of target compounds were observed in urban sampling sites near drainage outlets, and also in suburban sampling sites where intensive livestock farming and farmlands were located.     

基于禀赋与压力的城市环境综合分区理论与方法研究

环境综合分区是城市环境总体规划的主要任务和落实资源合理利用与生态环境保护空间约束的重要手段.基于资源环境禀赋和压力的环境综合分区理论与方法,在生态功能分区和大气环境、水环境、水资源、土地资源分区基础上,提出城市环境综合分区二级区划方案,以大连市为例进行实证研究.根据综合分区方案,针对资源环境问题和发展现状,细化生态保护红线及产业空间准入线,引导城市资源利用与环境保护,更好地指导城市建设与产业发展.     

东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动

选取厦漳泉三地市饮用水源地九龙江20条支流以及4个水库开展2013~2014年为期一年的逐月水质与生态调查与监测,并借助GIS、统计分析方法,识别了氮磷营养盐和浮游植物藻类丰度和群落的时空变异性,河流与水库氮磷营养盐限制的差异性以及其控制性的季节性变化特征.结果表明,九龙江支流和水库的营养盐、藻类丰度和群落都分别展示出明显的时空变异性.支流和水库均呈现营养盐氮素浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低;营养盐磷素浓度大体与之相反.水库藻类丰度于夏季最高,而支流藻类丰度呈现冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低的趋势.其中,汀溪水库于秋冬春季节和夏季呈现硅藻,绿藻演替;江东库区于冬春,夏秋季节呈现绿藻-隐藻、绿藻-蓝藻演替;石兜-坂头水库以及支流均未出现季节演替现象,优势藻分别为蓝藻、绿藻.RDA排序图较好地显示了浮游植物藻类与环境因子之间的关系.水库叶绿素a与氮磷营养盐之间呈现显著相关性,相关关系较强,并且其相关关系在冬春季节呈现营养盐磷的限制性,夏秋季节呈现营养盐氮的限制性.相比于水库,支流叶绿素a与营养盐之间只有夏秋季节呈现显著相关性,且相关关系较弱.     

再生水河道浮游微生物多样性季节变化分析:以北运河为例

浮游微生物作为分解者在城市水生生态系统发挥重要作用,但外界环境变化显著影响其在污染物降解和转化过程的作用.以高度人工化的北运河为研究区域,利用16S rRNA高通量测序结果分析了浮游微生物群落结构的季节变化,以揭示以再生水为主要补给水源的城市河道浮游微生物多样性季节变化机制及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,浮游微生物群落多样性和群落结构组成存在显著的季节变化.季节性降雨和再生水补给物理扰动过程引起的水体扩散能力增强是夏季α多样性显著高于春季的直接原因,同时减弱了夏季浮游微生物群落多样性空间分化程度.季节性径流和温度是影响高度人工化城市河道水文水质季节变化的主要原因,由于季节性径流和温度变化引起的ČNO₂^--N和TP变化是河道浮游微生物多样性变化的主要原因.春季季节性断流导致的北运河水体还原性状态,使得春季水体中富集的细菌大都为厌氧菌,如与溶解性有机物降解有关的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和与反硝化过程有关的纤细菌门（Gracilibacteria）等.而夏季季节性径流和频繁降雨以及河道闸坝、闸门开闭频率增高引起的水体复氧能力增强,一方面显著缓解河道营养物质污染,另一方面使得夏季水体中富集的细菌大多为好氧菌或兼性厌氧菌,如具有嗜高温特性的蓝藻（Cyanobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）等自养微生物,以及在污染物降解转化过程中有重要作用的酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等.研究结果对以再生水为补给水源的城市河道污染治理和生态修复有实际指导意义.     

调蓄水库细菌群落季节变化特征与影响因素

为探究调蓄水库水体细菌群落的季节变化特征与影响因素.以引黄济青工程的唯一调蓄水库——青岛棘洪滩水库为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,结合水质分析指标,探究细菌群落结构以及与环境因子的关系.结果表明,细菌群落多样性和丰富度夏季最高,冬季最低,进水口高于出水口.细菌群落结构组成春季与冬季相似,夏季与秋季相似.Actinobacteriota(6.63%～57.38%)、 Proteobacteria(11.32%～48.60%)、 Bacteroidota(5.05%～25.74%)和Cyanobacteria(0.65%～24.74%)为优势菌门,Chloroflexi、 Dependentiae、 Fusobacteriota和Margulisbacteria相对丰度秋季最高,冬季最低;Patescibacteria和Myxococcota相对丰度夏季最高,冬季最低;Acidobacteria相对丰度春季最高,冬季最低;hgcI＿clade(3.72%～34.66%)、CL500＿29＿marine＿group(0.31%～20.13%)和Limnohabitans(0.16%～10.3...     

甾体激素在污水处理厂中的赋存特征和行为归趋

污水处理厂是控制甾体激素环境排放的重要屏障之一,研究不同种类甾体激素在不同工艺污水处理厂中的赋存特征和行为归趋是提高污水处理厂对甾体激素处理效能的重要基础.对无锡市两个污水处理厂各工艺段中22种甾体激素的赋存情况进行8个月的监测,比较了厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺(A²/O)和倒置A²/O工艺的处理效果.结果表明,甾体激素的进出水总浓度分别为27.7~256.8 ng ·L^-1和5.7~211.0 ng ·L^-1,剩余污泥中激素总含量为36.3~123.6 ng ·g^-1,主要检出雄酮、雄烯二酮、雌酚酮、雌三醇和孕酮.进出水中大多数激素的浓度随降雨量和温度的升高而略有降低的趋势,而冬夏的季节差异未对甾体激素的去除率产生显著影响.污水厂的二、三级处理工艺对激素的去除效果优于一级处理,倒置A²/O和传统A²/O相比对甾体激素的去除并未表现出明显的优势.甾体激素在污水和污泥间的分配系数lg Koc为2~4.5,在厂A中的lg Koc略高于厂B,激素的泥水分配可能影响其处理效果.     

Health Risk Factors in Different Seasons of Carpet Industry in Kashmir,India

Abstract

Carpet workers are exposed to different types of health risk factors in different seasons of the year. As the environmental conditions become harsh, risk for developing various types of diseases increases. These problems are further aggravated when the environmental conditions at the workplace deteriorate. An attempt has been made to study the health risk factors in the carpet industry in different seasons of the year. It has been concluded that in winter weavers are affected by several types of health risk factors as compared to the other seasons.     

云南白水台现代钙华δ~(13)C的季节和空间变化特征研究

对云南白水台引水渠道中钙华沉积的δ13C值分析发现,白水台引水渠道中钙华δ13C值与降雨量有着较好的线性负相关关系,这一发现为下一步利用当地古钙华的δ13C数据重建古降水量提供了实验与理论基础。而造成雨季钙华δ13C值偏负的原因是雨后形成的低δ13C值的坡面流对高δ13C值的渠道水的稀释效应,降低了渠道水的δ13C值。水中贫13C的CO2逸出至大气是下游方向钙华δ13C偏正的主要原因。     

海门沿江地区开发适宜性分区研究

区域不合理开发将会引发大量的生态环境问题。要建立开发与保护兼容的空间秩序,区域开发适宜性分区具有十分重要的意义。以海门沿江地区作为研究案例区,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过确定符合区域要求的格网评价单元,利用约束型和引导型指标叠合判断的方法,将案例区划分为鼓励开发、适度开发、适度保护和优先保护区域。结果表明,鼓励开发区域主要集中在城区、港区这类自然基础较好、发展潜力较大而生态约束较低的地区;适度开发区域主要分布在重点中心镇以及一般镇的镇区;适度保护区域主要分布在生态敏感性较高、发展基础和条件一般的地区;优先保护区域则主要为具有重要生态服务功能的地区。并依据开发适宜性分区提出开发建设强度和时序的建议,可为合理布局沿江城镇和产业发展提供科学引导。