中国地区二次有机气溶胶的时空分布特征和来源分析

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

深圳市商业厨房排放非甲烷碳氢化合物污染特征研究

随着我国餐饮业的快速发展,餐饮源逐渐成为城市大气非甲烷碳氢（NMHCs）的主要来源之一.因此,深入研究餐饮源NMHCs的排放特征是餐饮业科学减排的重要基础.本研究采集了深圳市6类典型餐馆（西式快餐、茶餐厅、职工食堂、湘菜馆、浙菜馆和家常菜馆）排放的NMHCs,并分析了其相应的排放特征、排放因子（EF）、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAp）.结果显示,6类餐馆排放NMHCs中,茶餐厅、家常菜馆和浙菜馆排放的烷烃浓度最高,而西式快餐和职工食堂排放的烯烃浓度最高,湘菜馆油烟中烷烃和烯烃浓度相近.采用灶台数及用油量作为EF的核算基准,结果显示西式快餐和职工食堂的EF较高.餐饮排放的NMCHs中乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯及癸烷的OFP最高,而环己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷和正癸烷则具有较高的SOA生成潜势.此外,甲苯和苯不仅具有高的O₃生成潜势,还对SOA的生成有明显贡献,是油烟中值得重点关注的污染物.     

二次有机气溶胶估算方法研究进展

我国区域复合污染日趋严重,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是细颗粒物PM2.5的重要组成之一.本研究总结了当前国内外定量估算SOA的主要方法,包括EC示踪法、WSOC法、受体模型法、示踪物产率法、数值模拟法等.通过对各种方法的原理介绍与比较,指出1)EC示踪法、WSOC法、受体模型法简单易行,与在线连续观测数据结合可估算高时间分辨率的SOA浓度,但受限于对当地源谱和特定物种的了解;2)示踪物产率法虽分析技术难度高,但可针对不同来源的SOA估算;3)数值模拟可获得大尺度SOA的空间分布.针对国内外的最新研究成果进行简单概述,不同方法的研究表明中国二次有机气溶胶是总有机气溶胶的重要部分,人为源VOCs对二次有机气溶胶发挥着重要贡献.本文旨在为未来我国二次有机气溶胶的研究提供基础信息和研究思路.     

南京北郊冬夏季大气PM2.5中水溶性有机碳的研究

为研究南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的浓度及来源特点,在冬、夏季分别采集PM_(2.5)样品,还同步收集臭氧(O_3)浓度与相对湿度(RH)数据,分析了PM_(2.5)、有机碳(OC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)浓度特征,并对WSOC冬、夏季来源及其二次来源差异进行了探讨.结果显示,南京北郊冬季大气污染水平明显高于夏季且来源更复杂,与冬季静稳的天气条件及化石燃料和生物质燃烧排放较严重有关.冬季PM_(2.5)平均值为(136.7±42.4)μg·m~(-3),OC、WSOC浓度分别为(13.4±4.4)、(8.5±3.1)μg·m~(-3);夏季PM_(2.5)、OC、WSOC平均浓度分别为(61.5±14.6)、(6.7±2.1)、(4.6±1.7)μg·m~(-3).冬、夏季WSOC/OC值分别为67%±20%、69%±13%,且二次有机碳(SOC)与WSOC显著正相关,说明二次来源对WSOC有显著影响.冬季WSOC与O_3的负相关性不显著,与RH显著正相关;而夏季WSOC与O_3、RH的相关性正好与冬季相反,说明冬、夏季二次WSOC形成途径存在差异.冬季二次WSOC可能主要来自液相氧化,夏季可能主要来自光化学氧化.通过主成分因子分析法进一步确定南京北郊冬、夏季WSOC分别主要来源于二次来源和生物质燃烧、汽车尾气和扬尘.     

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of -pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysisexperiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limitedexperiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments andrecorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particlesizer (SMPS), and α-pinene consumed was measured using GC-FID. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced for seed-free systemis 100% organic in content, resulting from a sufficient supersaturation of low volatility organics to produce homogeneous nucleationfollowed by condensation to the aerosol. Secondary organic aerosol produced in seeded system is a mixture of organic and inorganicconstituents, initially forms via condensation onto the inorganic particles, and subsequent growth occurs via absorption into the organicsurface coating the inorganic core. Although the formation process and the size distribution for seed-free system and seeded system isdifferent, the ultimate mass of SOA formed is equal, and SOA yield for the two system located in the same regression line when usingone-product model, suggesting that the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed has no measurable effect on the total aerosol yield, and the dry seed particle acts solely as a site upon which organic deposition occurs.     

再生铝?铅生产企业PCDD/Fs排放浓度与特征

研究了国内3家再生金属企业排放烟气和飞灰中PCDD/Fs排放浓度和同系物分布特征,其中两家再生铝企业?一家再生铅企业.研究结果显示:两家再生铝企业排放烟气中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度( I-TEQ)分别为2.14和0.88ng TEQ/Nm3,飞灰中分别为33.90和0.77ng TEQ/g;再生铅企业排放烟气和飞灰中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度分别为0.037ng TEQ/Nm3和0.014ng TEQ/g;两家再生铝企业排放烟气中PCDD/Fs同族体分布存在较大差异,而飞灰中PCDD/Fs同族体分布却十分相似;再生铅?铝企业排放的PCDD/Fs同系物分布特征差异较明显;且根据PCDFs与PCDDs总浓度比值大于1可以判断,二者排放PCDD/Fs的形成机理都以从头合成为主.     

国内外污泥的处理与处置技术

未经处理的污泥造成的二次污染越来越受到人们的重视，通过系统介绍了目前国内外污泥处理处置技术的一些现状，对各种污泥处理处置方法进行了比较，并在此基础上提出污泥资源化的一些途径．     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.