Induction of glutathione reductase enzyme activity by β‐aminobutyric acid in plant leaves

Abstract

Treatment of pea and tobacco leaf discs with the resistance inducer DL‐β‐amino‐n‐butyric acid (BABA) led to a substantial induction of glutathione reductase (GR, E.C. 1.6.4.2.) enzyme activity. After exposure to 1 mM BABA for 96 hrs, the GR activities were 3.2‐fold and 2.9‐fold higher in pea and tobacco leaf discs, respectively, than GR activities in untreated controls. Elevated GR levels may contribute to the antioxidative protection of plants during pathogen attack.     

Colony-level selection effects on individual and colony foraging task performance in honeybees, Apis mellifera L.

In honeybees, as in other highly eusocial species, tasks are performed by individual workers, but selection for worker task phenotypes occurs at the colony level. We investigated the effect of colony-level selection for pollen storage levels on the foraging behavior of individual honeybee foragers to determine (1) the relationship between genotype and phenotypic expression of foraging traits at the individual level and (2) how genetically based variation in worker task phenotype is integrated into colony task organization. We placed workers from lines selected at the colony level for high or low pollen stores together with hybrid workers into a common hive environment with controlled access to resources. Workers from the selected lines showed reciprocal variation in pollen and nectar collection. High-pollen-line foragers collected pollen preferentially, and low- pollen-line workers collected nectar, indicating that the two tasks covary genetically. Hybrid workers were not intermediate in phenotype, but instead showed directional dominance for nectar collection. We monitored the responses of workers from the selected strains to changes in internal (colony) and external (resource) stimulus levels for pollen foraging to measure the interaction between genotypic variation in foraging behavior and stimulus environment. Under low-stimulus conditions, the foraging group was over-represented by high-pollen-line workers. However, the evenness in distribution of the focal genetic groups increased as foraging stimuli increased. These data are consistent with a model where task choice is a consequence of genetically based response thresholds, and where genotypic diversity allows colony flexibility by providing a range of stimulus thresholds. Received: 3 May 1999 / Received in revised form: 22 December 1999 / Accepted: 23 January 2000     

非织造布的防辐射性能对比研究

本文比较了80g／m^2复合法（SMS）非织造布经涂层与未经涂层两种试样对90Sr放射源的防护性能，结果显示经涂层非织造布的屏蔽率提高很大。分析表明，涂层剂对提高屏蔽率的作用要显著高于单纯增加厚度和克重来提高屏蔽率。     

关于影响易损性分析结果的区域因素研究——以福建为例

以福建省震害快速评估系统为依托,以分析处理现场实际调查数据为基础,提出了主要影响易损性分析结果的四个区域因素及其影响指数值、区域综合指数值,提供了各分区的划分依据、各分区影响指数值的评定标准以及区域综合指数值的计算方法,为合理应用不同地区之间的易损性矩阵或易损性曲线提供了参考依据。     

The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene derived from Trichoderma harzianum induces maize resistance to Curvularia lunata through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum was upregulated by the interaction of T. harzianum with maize roots or the foliar pathogen Curvularia lunata. PAF-AH was associated with chitinase and cellulase expressions, but especially with chitinase, because its activity in the KO40 transformant (PAF-AH disruption transformant) was lower, compared with the wild-type strain T28. The result demonstrated that the colonization of maize roots by T. harzianum induced systemic protection of leaves inoculated with C. lunata. Such protection was associated with the expression of inducible jasmonic acid pathway-related genes. Moreover, the data from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed that the concentration of jasmonic acid in maize leaves was associated with the expression level of defense-related genes, suggesting that PAF-AH induced resistance to the foliar pathogen. Our findings showed that PAF-AH had an important function in inducing systemic resistance to maize leaf spot pathogen.     

浑河-大辽河水系水体与沉积物中典型全氟化合物的污染水平及生态风险评价

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)分析了水体和沉积物中全氟化合物(PFCs)浓度水平,结果表明,浑河-大辽河的干流水中,PFCs总浓度范围为1.80~13.0 ng·L-1,其中,PFHx A、PFHp A、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA是主要污染物;沈阳细河中PFCs的总浓度为27.0~50.0 ng·L-1,其主要污染物为PFPA、PFOA、PFOS和PFDA.在浑河-大辽河沉积物中,PFHx A是唯一的检出物,其含量为0.130~0.490 ng·g-1干重;除了PFHx A,PFOS也是细河中的主要污染物,其浓度水平分别为0.070~0.220 ng·g-1和0.180~0.830 ng·g-1干重.采用实测的水和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的暴露浓度以及预测的无效应浓度(PNEC),运用商值法对浑河-大辽河干流及沈阳细河水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的生态风险进行评价.结果表明水体和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平.     

水基溶液起泡性能评价方法比较研究

泡沫液的发泡比和半衰期是表征起泡剂特性的基本物理量.选用十二烷基硫酸钠为典型的表面活性剂,测量了不同质量分数溶液的表面张力,得到试验条件下的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.25％,采用改进的Ross-Mile法、搅拌法和测压力法,在相同的环境下对同一溶液进行发泡试验,其中测压力法可以得到表征重力排液和扩散排液过程等泡沫破灭过程的定量数据.结果表明,发泡比因起泡方法的不同而有较大差异,在相同质量分数下,测压力法的起泡量最大而搅拌法的起泡量最小,3种方法所产生的发泡体积随质量分数的变化趋势一致,当表面活性剂质量分数≥0.25％ (CMC)时,搅拌法、Ross-Mile法和测压力法的发泡体积比为1:1.25:1.36.3种方法所产生泡沫的半衰期随表面活性剂质量分数增加而增大,达到最大值后缓慢减小,有相似的变化趋势,测压力法、Ross-Mile法和搅拌法的半衰期之比约为1:3:6,分析了3种方法所产生泡沫的发泡比和半衰期差异的原因.     

细菌对重金属的抗性及解毒机理研究进展

重金属污染物随工业废水排放到环境中,并通过生物链的富集作用,对环境和人类健康造成极大危害.自然界中很多微生物对重金属具有吸附性、耐受性和减小毒性损伤的特点.其中,细菌因其结构简单且易于培养,被广泛应用于研究对重金属的抗性及解毒.选取银(Ag)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)4种重金属,结合国内外的研究成果,系统地探讨了细菌对重金属的抗性及解毒机理.     

铜在壳核结构磁性颗粒上的吸附:效能与表面性质的关系

为了揭示吸附剂的吸附效能与其组成、结构及表面性质之间的关系,本研究对两种壳核结构磁性颗粒Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/Mn O2的形貌特征、表面性质进行了系统表征,并对铜在磁性颗粒表面的吸附行为与机制进行了详细研究.表征结果表明磁核Fe_3O_4与Fe-Mn具有相似的尖晶石类晶体结构,包覆Mn O2后,晶体结构均未发生明显变化.但Mn的引入,增强了磁核与外壳间的结合作用,Fe-Mn比Fe_3O_4包覆MnO_2的量更多、更均匀,进而使Fe-Mn/Mn O2具有更高的比表面积与更低的等电点.吸附实验结果表明,Fe-Mn的最大铜吸附容量33.7 mg·g-1(pH 5.5)高于Fe_3O_4的17.5 mg·g-1(pH 5.5);包覆MnO_2以后,铜吸附性能显著增强,Fe-Mn/MnO_2最大铜吸附容量升高至58.2 mg·g-1(p H 5.5),为Fe_3O_4/MnO_2的2.6倍,且优于多数文献报道的磁性吸附剂.机制研究表明铜在Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/MnO_2的表面发生了特性吸附,形成了内层表面络合物.综上所述,磁性颗粒的吸附效能与其组成成分、形貌结构及表面性质之间具有显著的相关性.     

Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self‐efficacy,reward importance,and locus of control

The effects of extrinsic rewards on creative performance have been controversial, and scholars have called for the examination of the boundary conditions of such effects. Drawing upon expectancy theory, we attend to both reinforcement and self‐determination pathways that reveal the informational and controlling functions of creativity‐related extrinsic rewards. We further identify the individual dispositions that moderate these two pathways. Specifically, we propose that extrinsic rewards for creativity positively predict creative performance only when employees have high creative self‐efficacy and regard such rewards as important. We likewise propose that extrinsic rewards positively affect the intrinsic motivation of employees with an internal locus of control, thus enhancing their creative performance. Results based on a sample of 181 employee–supervisor dyads largely supported these expectations. The current analysis enriches the creativity literature by combining different perspectives in a coherent framework, by demonstrating the positive effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, and by demonstrating that the rewards–creativity relationship varies across employees depending on their individual differences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.