基于碑刻记录的嘉陵江清代洪水发生规律及成因研究

基于历史文献法收集整理了《四川两千年洪水史料汇编》中嘉陵江清代洪水碑刻的碑文记录,并利用Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数法分析洪水碑刻记录的空间分布特征。结果发现:清朝时期,嘉陵江流域共有洪水碑刻记录55通,月份明确可辨的有36通。空间上整体分布不均,下游多于中上游,其中嘉陵江干流28通(20通有明确月份;Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0.46,上游仅有零星分布,相对集中于中下游),渠江16通(10通有明确月份;Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0.71,各河段均有分布),涪江11通(6通有明确月份;Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0,仅集中于下游的重庆市)。洪水碑刻记录在年内主要分布于6、7、8、9四个月,洪水碑刻清晰记录了清代1679年(2通)、1840年(3通)、1870年(17通)、1903年(2通)4次特大洪水,洪水碑刻记录的嘉陵江流域清代洪水的发生频率为7 a一洪。清代嘉陵江洪水碑刻记录反映了流域夏秋季洪水较多,这与嘉陵江流域的亚热带湿润季风气候、多洪齐发的扇状水系、低山丘陵-谷坝地形、松散的土壤质地以及"湖广填川"时期毁林垦荒导致的水土流失与河道淤积有关。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆发动机预热起动辅助装置研究

目的提高中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下的低温起动性能。方法研制一种适应高原高寒地域低温低气压环境的冷却液加热器,加热器将燃油燃烧产生的热量传递给冷却液,通过冷却液的循环对发动机机体进行预热。结果在低温试验室内-41℃常压环境下,使用冷却液加热器预热25 min后起动发动机,一次起动成功。在高原进行环境适应性试验,预热时间在25 min内,发动机一次起动成功。结论发动机预热可有效提高-30^-41℃温度地域的发动机低温起动性能。     

Social impact of the 2004 Manawatu floods and the 'hollowing out' of rural New Zealand

The Manawatu floods of 2004 have had significant, long-lasting social consequences. This paper draws on findings from a series of detailed surveys of 39 farm households directly affected by the floods and 17 individuals directly involved in managing the flood recovery programme. The nature of the impact on rural families highlights how the 'hollowing out' of rural New Zealand has changed the capacity of rural communities to respond to natural hazards and increased their sense of isolation. In addition, the floods exposed the vulnerability of rural communities. This is shown to have implications for policies designed to build resilience and improve responses to adverse events, including the need to support local, community initiatives on self-reliance and mutual support. Approaches to manage better long-term flood risks should be designed within a context of ongoing rural decline that has compromised the health of both individuals and communities.     

Severe drought and the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children in India

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in six drought-affected areas of India in 2003 to assess the impact of drought on the vitamin A status of 3,657 rural pre-school children. The prevalence of Bitot's spots was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher (1.8 per cent) during drought (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0; 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.6 -2.7). The dietary intake of vitamin A was lower during drought and in 81 per cent of households it was less than 50 per cent of the recommended rate. Severe drought has an adverse impact on the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children, particularly those with illiterate mothers and belonging to an older age group (p < 0.01). Communities need to be sensitised, therefore, to vitamin A deficiency through health and nutrition education, and there needs to be wider coverage of vitamin A supplementation, particularly among children in drought-affected and drought-prone areas.     

湖北省水患防治对策研究

湖北省的洪涝灾害受全球尺度和流域尺度的多种因素的影响。全球尺度因素是指全球性的气候异常，流域尺度因素是指不利的自然条件和人类对自然环境与自然资源的不合理开发利用等方面。现阶段所采用的治水对策，即生态措施和工程措施，存在明显的局限性，不能彻底根治水患。通过系统分析湖北省水患原因和治水对策，提出以洪涝灾害承灾区的受因人口和受因财产的总数定量地表示洪涝灾害灾情的指标，该指标与灾情的对应关系明确且简明易得，为治水对策提供了更合理的依据。在此基础上，论述了“提高洪涝灾害承灾区的城市化水平、鼓励抗洪新技术和新机制的开发利用以及加强溃堤后的应对策略研究”等治水对策的必要性、合理性和可行性。     

Chronic institutional failure and enhanced vulnerability to flash‐floods in the Cuenca Altadel Río Lerma,Mexico

The dominant paradigm in disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies has been seriously contested because of its reliance on interventions based on technocratic expertise. In the Mexican context, the influence of informal practices such as clientelism and cartelisation of the political system produces environmental degradation and vulnerability to disasters within the communities in the study site. This paper contributes to understanding of failed institutional processes and parallel practices that intensify vulnerability to disasters by contrasting the discourses of agents within a peri‐urban community in central Mexico. Employing the Situational Analysis Approach as a methodological framework, the study identifies divergent views and practices within the community, leading to different responses to disasters and to different perceptions regarding institutional performance. In addition, it finds that institutional decision‐making, based only on scientific and technical expertise, has resulted in unintended consequences that influence ongoing vulnerability to floods in the site under review.     

Impact of climatic shocks on child human capital: evidence from young lives data

This study attempts to assess the impact of two different climatic shocks, drought and excessive rainfall/flood, as perceived by households on child human capital across four countries: Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam – countries with diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Human capital, in this context, subsumes both child learning and health outcomes. The data source is the Young Lives Study and cross-sectional household data on the older cohort of children (between 14 and 16 years of age) are utilized, for the year 2009. The enrolment rate, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Cloze test and Math test scores are used as proxies for child learning outcomes. The health outcome variables being studied are the WHO-defined Body Mass Index z-scores and Height for Age z-scores. The overall objective is to study heterogeneity in responses to shock in terms of the development of human capital across the set of countries considered. Additionally, the study elaborates on the role of institutional help, during crisis, and the role of household characteristics in buffering these climatic shocks.     

Operationalizing risk perception and preparedness behavior research for a multi-hazard context

Increasingly, citizens are being asked to take a more active role in disaster risk reduction (DRR), as decentralization of hazard governance has shifted greater responsibility for hazard preparedness actions onto individuals. Simultaneously, the taxonomy of hazards considered for DRR has expanded to include medical and social crises alongside natural hazards. Risk perception research emerged to support decision-makers with understanding how people characterize and evaluate different hazards to anticipate behavioral response and guide risk communication. Since its inception, the risk perception concept has been incorporated into many behavioral theories, which have been applied to examine preparedness for numerous hazard types. Behavioral theories have had moderate success in predicting or explaining preparedness behaviors; however, they are typically applied to a single hazard type and there is a gap in understanding which theories (if any) are suited for examining multiple hazard types simultaneously. This paper first reviews meta-analyses of behavioral theories to better understand performance. Universal lessons learnt are summarized for survey design. Second, theoretically based preparedness studies for floods, earthquakes, epidemics, and terrorism are reviewed to assess the conceptual requirements for a ‘multi-hazard’ preparedness approach. The development of an online preparedness self-assessment and learning platform is discussed.     

1998年长江流域洪水灾害成因分析

通过实测气象,水文数据分析和洪水期雷达卫星影像判读,论述了１９９８年长江流域洪水的雨情,水情和灾情的主要特征,并与１９９４年的相关数据进行了比较,可以认为,１９９８年长江流域洪水是由异常降水引起的,其洪水灾害的主要物征为高水位,长历时,大洪量,１９９８年长江干流洪水总量与１９５４年规模相当。     

An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997–98 El Niño in northern Peru

During the 1997–98 El Niño, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Niño event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty‐five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997–98 El Niño as a major negative event. The El Niño disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large‐scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.