重症脑挫伤患者气管切开护理

总结了70例重症脑挫伤行气管切开术后,可出现的相关问题,采取相应的护理措施．重点加强人工道气管导管护理,气道湿化、吸痰护理、气管切口护理等,减少气管切开的并发症,降抵重症脑患者死亡率．参6．     

Will Evolving Climate Conditions Increase the Risk of Floods of the Large U.S.‐Canada Transboundary Richelieu River Basin?

In spring 2011, an unprecedented flood hit the complex eastern United States (U.S.)–Canada transboundary Lake Champlain–Richelieu River (LCRR) Basin, destructing properties and inducing negative impacts on agriculture and fish habitats. The damages, covered by the Governments of Canada and the U.S., were estimated to C$90M. This natural disaster motivated the study of mitigation measures to prevent such disasters from reoccurring. When evaluating flood risks, long‐term evolving climate change should be taken into account to adopt mitigation measures that will remain relevant in the future. To assess the impacts of climate change on flood risks of the LCRR basin, three bias‐corrected multi‐resolution ensembles of climate projections for two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios were used to force a state‐of‐the‐art, high‐resolution, distributed hydrological model. The analysis of the hydrological simulations indicates that the 20‐year return period flood (corresponding to a medium flood) should decrease between 8% and 35% for the end of the 21st Century (2070–2099) time horizon and for the high‐emission scenario representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. The reduction in flood risks is explained by a decrease in snow accumulation and an increase in evapotranspiration expected with the future warming of the region. Nevertheless, due to the large climate inter‐annual variability, short‐term flood probabilities should remain similar to those experienced in the recent past.     

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATION FOR THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AND LOWER MISSOURI RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper considers the distribution of flood flows in the Upper Mississippi, Lower Missouri, and Illinois Rivers and their relationship to climatic indices. Global climate patterns including El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation explained very little of the variations in flow peaks. However, large and statistically significant upward trends were found in many gauge records along the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers: at Hermann on the Missouri River above the confluence with the Mississippi (p = 2 percent), at Hannibal on the Mississippi River (p < 0.1 percent), at Meredosia on the Illinois River (p = 0.7 percent), and at St. Louis on the Mississippi below the confluence of all three rivers (p = 1 percent). This challenges the traditional assumption that flood series are independent and identically distributed random variables and suggests that flood risk changes over time.     

一次中尺度对流系统的发生发展特征分析

通过分析2008年6月23日形成于冷涡成熟阶段的中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发生发展特征,得到:(1)MCS发生发展过程中,高空强垂直风切变维持,低层垂直风切变迅速增大。(2)湿Q矢量的低层辐合、高层辐散,加强了上升运动和次级环流,前者的增大对MCS的发展起了更大的作用。(3)雷达图上弱回波区、回波悬垂结构、三体散射现象、大的垂直累积液态水及低层速度图上的气旋式辐合的出现是冰雹发生前的有利信号。(4)湿斜压性及风垂直切变增大可能会促发MCS发生。地面风场辐合和水汽辐合加强了MCS的发展。对流层中高层干冷空气的侵入,使不稳定能量释放,导致了强对流天气的发生。     

Increased Frequency of Low‐Magnitude Floods in New England1

Armstrong, William H., Mathias J. Collins, and Noah P. Snyder, 2012. Increased Frequency of Low‐Magnitude Floods in New England. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 306‐320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00613.x Abstract: Recent studies document increasing precipitation and streamflow in the northeastern United States throughout the 20th and early 21st Centuries. Annual peak discharges have increased over this period on many New England rivers with dominantly natural streamflow – especially for smaller, more frequent floods. To better investigate high‐frequency floods (<5‐year recurrence interval), we analyze the partial duration flood series for 23 New England rivers selected for minimal human impact. The study rivers have continuous records through 2006 and an average period of record of 71 years. Twenty‐two of the 23 rivers show increasing trends in peaks over threshold per water year (POT/WY) – a direct measure of flood frequency – using the Mann‐Kendall trend test. Ten of these trends had p < 0.1. Seventeen rivers show positive trends in flood magnitude, six of which had p < 0.1. We also investigate a potential hydroclimatic shift in the region around 1970. Twenty‐two of the 23 rivers show increased POT/WY in the post‐1970 period when comparing pre‐ and post‐1970 records using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. More than half of these increases have p < 0.1, indicating a shift in flow regime toward more frequent flooding. Region wide, we found a median increase of one flood per year for the post‐1970 period. Because frequent floods are important channel‐forming flows, these results have implications for channel and floodplain morphology, aquatic habitat, and restoration.     

Flood vulnerability and commercial activities: the case of the city of Girona, Spain

This paper is based on a case study of the city of Girona in Catalonia, Spain, and analyses the vulnerability of commercial establishments to floods caused by the Onyar River. A mapping and statistical approach (cluster analysis) was applied to the information obtained from 568 questionnaires answered by the shops and the workshops located in the flood risk area. The results obtained allowed the authors to determine five different flood vulnerability profiles of the commercial establishments analysed. These profiles paint a picture of little individual adaptation to the risk and the possibility of suffering, sooner or later, large economic losses due to overflowing of the Onyar River. The authors established a methodology for carrying out a detailed multidimensional analysis of the flood vulnerability of the city's commercial establishments in order to provide the foundations for local government policies and for strategies for shop owners to reduce flood vulnerability.     

清代四川水灾时空特征及受灾比风险测度

通过历史记录对清代四川省水灾逐年分等定级,以此研究清代四川水灾的时空变化特征。同时,基于信息扩散理论计算出受灾风险概率。结果表明：（1）清代（AD 1644—1911）共发生水灾1409县次,1861—1890为水患高发期,1825年后水灾强度显著上升。10 a尺度下水灾强度存在三次高峰,30 a尺度下清末期水灾强度持续增强。前期水灾周期为中长期振荡,1825年后水灾强度显著提高且以中短（8—15 a）周期性振荡为主。（2）水灾密集区主要位于山地-平原交界处的成都府、眉州、雅州府东部区域,受灾指数基尼系数为0.4615,水患平均中心位移较小。（3）全川受灾风险概率在受灾比为0.05—0.15时迅速下降,同等受灾比（0.2以下时）下,川东道受灾风险概率最高;而受灾比高于0.2时,川北道受灾风险最高。（4）东亚季风增强、人口暴露度增加、政治经济动荡造成的社会韧性下降和生态破坏可能是清末四川省水灾强度提高和规模扩大的重要原因。     

中国未来核电严重事故发生的可能性研究

安全是核电发展的重大前提,但是核电发展的短短历史时期内就发生了3次严重事故,第4次事故会不会发生在中国?通过列举历史、法规、技术、文化、制度等方面的因素,说明可以保障中国核电不发生严重事故,但是由于存在法规杂乱、技术青涩以及人因等因素,使得核电存在发生严重事故的可能。应用概率方法,对各国严重事故发生概率进行了计算,发现事故一般都早于计算的预期,核电在中长期内还存在发生严重事故的可能。中国核电应杜绝"大跃进"式发展,统一完善核电法规标准,严格制度和实施过程,选择科学的发展模式,才能保证核电安全。     

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.     

METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUGUST 27-28, 1971, NEW JERSEY FLOOD1

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the meteorological patterns that produced the combination of heavy rains in August 1971 that resulted in record floods in New Jersey. Daily and hourly precipitation data and selected recurrence frequencies of rainfall amounts are tabulated. History of previous heavy rainfalls in New Jersey indicates that occurrences of very heavy rains are frequently associated with tropical disturbances. Flood damages, fatalities, warnings issued and areas of record river stages are summarized.