Effects of different pretreatment methods on the enzymatic hydrolysis of oak shell

Sawtooth Oak (Quercus acutissima) shells were used as a renewable and low-cost agricultural residue for bioethanol production for the first time. The efficiency of H₂SO₄, NaOH, steam explosion and the combination of these methods was compared in terms of delignification, saccharification efficiency and yield. The structural features of samples were characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results show H₂SO₄/steam explosion resulted in the highest hemicellulose reduction (98.5%) and cellulose recovery yield (99.9%). NaOH /steam explosion resulted in the highest delignification level (31.5%). Steam explosion exhibited the highest enzymatic digestibility of 98.8% and total product yield of glucose of 84.8%, an increase of 130.8% and 98.1% than that of untreated oak shell, respectively, which seemed to be the most effective for improving enzymatic saccharification. The results of structural features showed the structure and surface of shells were changed that is in favor of the following enzymatic hydrolysis.     

Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution

The cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) which is a food residue was used in its natural form as biosorbent for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Direct Blue 53 dyes from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. In acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dyes were favorable. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium was 8 and 18 h at 298 K, for Reactive Red 194 and Direct Blue 53, respectively. The Avrami fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and chemisorption kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model.     

壳体厚度对传爆药慢速烤燃响应的研究

针对传爆药在制造、存贮、运输及实战环境中可能会遭受意外的热刺激,本文通过壳体厚度对传爆药慢速烤燃响应特性的影响的实验研究,来检测弹药对意外刺激的敏感程度和发生反应时的剧烈程度,并对实验结果进行了分析。实验以钝化RDX为主装药,以45#钢为壳体,利用自行设计的慢速烤燃试验系统对其进行试验。结果表明：在相同装药条件下,随着壳体厚度的增加,单位时间内传热量减少,体系升温速率减慢,炸药的烤燃时间随之增加,热爆炸延滞期增长;同时,随着壳体厚度的增加传爆药发生慢速烤燃反应的温度升高,热敏感程度降低,热安定性也随之提高。另外,在相同装药条件下,壳体厚度对慢速烤燃响应的剧烈性也有很大得影响。烤燃反应的剧烈程度随着壳体厚度的增大而减小。     

Mercury removal using ground and calcined mussel shell

We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg adsorption, with good fitting to Freundlich equation （R^2： 0.925-0.978）; the presence of phosphate increased Hg adsorption; mercury desorption was 13% or lower, diminishing up to 2% under the presence of phosphates. In stirred flow chamber experiments calcined shell retained more Hg than ground shells （6300 vs. 4000-5200 μmol/kg）; Hg retention increased an additional 40% on calcined shell and up to an additional 70% on ground shells when phosphates were present; mercury desorption was quite similar in all shell types （20%-34%）, increasing up to 49%-60% in ground shells when phosphates were present. The higher Hg adsorption on calcined shell would be related to its calcite and dolomite concentrations; mercury-phosphate interactions would cause the increase in Hg retention when phosphates are present. Data on Hg desorption suggest that Hg retention was not easily reversible after batch experiments, increasing in the stirred flow chamber due to convective flow. Calcined and ground mussel shells could be recycled removing Hg from water, with the presence of phosphates in solution improving efficacy.     

Stimulated Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Soil Amended with Periwinkle Shells

The potential of periwinkle shell (PS) in enhancing the microbial break down of crude oil spilled in soil were studied. The results revealed that the counts of crude oil degrading bacteria in oil-polluted soil fortified with PS were higher than the counts in unfortified soil. The rates and total extent of crude oil biodegradation in the soil were stimulated by the amendment. About 43.4 percent of crude oil was degraded in unfortified soil after 16 days as compared to 70.1 percent oil biodegradation, which occurred in PS fortified soil during the same period. These values were significantly (P>0.05) different from each other. Amendment of the soil with PS also raised the pH of the soil from acidic to alkaline range. The crude oil degrading microorganisms identified in PS amended soil were of the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus. Similarly, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Mucor, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified as crude oil degrading microorganisms in unamended soil. The bacteria formed either stable or unstable emulsions, suggesting that the organisms produce surface-active agents (biosurfactants) during the biodegradation process. The results of this study indicate that PS can be used in reclaiming oil-polluted soil.     

高应力大变形软岩巷道“三壳”围岩控制机理及应用

为解决土城煤矿14运输上山软岩巷道变形量大、锚杆索失效严重等技术难题,通过现场调研、室内试验、理论分析、数值模拟及工业性试验等方法,揭示了围岩变形特征以及巷道失稳破坏机理,提出了“三壳”围岩控制理论。基于以上研究,设计了“锚杆锚索+灌浆+钢管混凝土支架”的复合支护方案,建立了基于“三壳”围岩控制理论的“三壳”支护结构体力学模型,计算出设计方案的极限承载能力为2.54 MPa,随后采用 FLAC3D数值模拟软件对设计方案进行模拟分析,验证了方案合理性。最后,该复合支护得到成功运用,现场监测结果表明:巷道顶底板以及两帮变形量均低于100 mm,巷道未发生明显变形,支护效果良好。     

天然和热活化蛏子壳粉对污染土壤中Cd赋存形态的影响

为实现对Cd污染农田土壤的安全利用,通过室内培养试验,阐明天然蛏子壳粉、600℃热活化蛏子壳粉和800℃热活化蛏子壳粉在不同添加比例下对外源污染棕壤土中Cd赋存形态随时间变化的影响.结果表明,土壤pH随蛏子壳粉添加量的增加而增加,且不同蛏子壳粉在同一添加比例下随培养时间延长呈平稳下降趋势,但都明显高于对照.在整个培养期间,可交换态Cd呈现先升高后降低的趋势,同时各处理不同程度地提高了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd的含量.培养60 d后,各处理组对Cd形态转化的贡献率为800℃热活化蛏子壳粉>600℃热活化蛏子壳粉>天然蛏子壳粉,且三者使土壤中可交换态Cd含量分别降低了52.0%~67.1%、40.7%~45.7%、33.6%~43.6%.由土壤pH与土壤可交换态Cd含量的相关性分析表明,在培养5 d时,二者呈显著负相关关系,其余时期均呈极显著负相关关系.土壤pH是影响重金属离子发生吸附、解吸、络合和共沉淀的重要因素.研究显示,蛏子壳粉对污染土壤中Cd在有效性和形态转化方面起到一定的积极作用,从而为Cd污染土壤的修复利用提供了新的思路.      

热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构响应计算与疲劳寿命预估

目的研究热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构的动力学响应与疲劳寿命。方法采用耦合的有限元/边界元法,完成不同热声载荷下的振动应力计算。基于改进的雨流计数法,对不同热声载荷下危险点位置及典型位置的疲劳寿命进行预估。结果屈曲前随温度的增加,薄壁锥壳结构的基频降低,屈曲后在一定温度范围内时,基频增加。薄壁锥壳结构的应力集中主要出现在孔边位置,基频在热声激励响应中起主导作用。低阶固有频率处存在较大峰值,高阶频带范围内的峰值较小,模态密度较高。结论在800～1000℃的温度载荷与强声载荷下,薄壁锥壳结构的疲劳寿命只能维持几个小时,所以在抗声疲劳结构设计中要考虑响应谱的频率结构,及注重结构孔边位置的结构设计。     

核-壳型纳米双金属微粒的研究进展

纳米材料以其独特的性质，在光学、化工、环保、陶瓷、生物和医药等诸多方面具有广泛的应用价值。而纳米金属材料的表面包覆和修饰是21世纪纳米材料科学的一个新的研究方向。文中比较系统地综述了核-壳型纳米双金属微粒制备方法的研究进展，包括还原化学镀法、共沉淀法等，简要分析了各类制备方法的基本原理、特点及适用的范围，并在此基础上讨论了核-壳型纳米双金属粉末的未来研究发展方向。     

单层球面网壳屋盖的地震响应有限元分析

以单层球面网壳屋盖为研究对象,对50m和30m跨度单层球面网壳进行了地震响应有限元分析,考虑了不同支座对结构地震响应的影响,得到了一些重要结论,为单层球面网壳的设计、研究和应用提供了一定的参考和借鉴.