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31.
Summary. Oviposition site selection of herbivorous insects depends primarily on host plant presence which is essential for offspring
survival. However, parasitoids can exploit host plant cues for host location. In this study, we hypothesised that herbivores
can solve this dilemma by ovipositing within high plant diversity. A diverse plant species composition might represent an
‘infochemical shelter’, as a potentially complex volatile blend can negatively affect the host location ability of parasitoids.
We examined this exemplarily for the egg-laying response of the generalist leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti, in relation to (1) host plant availability and (2) plant species diversity in the field. Further, we investigated the effect
of odours from mixed plant species compositions on (3) leaf beetle oviposition site selection and on (4) the orientation of
its specialised egg parasitoid, Oomyzus galerucivorus. In the field, egg clutch occurrence was positively related to the presence and quantity of two major host plants, Achillea millefolium (yarrow) and Centaurea jacea, and to the number of herbaceous plant species. In two-choice bioassays, female beetles oviposited more frequently on sites
surrounded by an odour blend from a diverse plant species composition (including yarrow) than on sites with a pure grass odour
blend. In the presence of yarrow odour and an odour blend from a diverse plant mixture (including yarrow) no difference in
the oviposition response was recorded. Experienced parasitoid females were attracted to yarrow odours, but showed no response
when yarrow odours were offered simultaneously with odours of a non-host plant. In conclusion, it could be shown in laboratory
bioassays that the parasitoid responds only to pure host plant odours but not to complex odour blends. In contrast, the herbivore
prefers to oviposit within diverse vegetation in the field and in the laboratory. However, the laboratory results also point
to a priority of host plant availability over the selection of a potential ‘infochemical shelter’ for oviposition due to high
plant diversity. 相似文献
32.
33.
Camillo Boano 《Disasters》2009,33(4):762-785
Tsunami intervention has been an extraordinary and unprecedented relief and recovery operation. This article underlines the complexities posed by shelter and housing intervention in post-tsunami Sri Lanka, revealing a pragmatic, reductionist approach to shelter and housing reconstruction in a contested and fragmented environment. Competition, housing anxiety and buffer zone implementation have resulted in compulsory villagisation inland, stirring feelings of discrimination and tension, and becoming major obstacles to equitable rebuilding of houses and livelihoods. A new tsunami geography has been imposed on an already vulnerable conflict-based geography, in which shelter has been conceived as a mono-dimensional artefact. An analysis of the process and outcomes of temporary and permanent post-tsunami housing programmes yields information about the extent to which shelter policies and programmes serve not only physical needs but 'higher order' objectives for a comprehensive and sustainable recovery plan. 相似文献
34.
为解决洪涝灾害下城市应急避难场所选址优化问题,将洪涝灾害风险评估与选址模型相结合。首先,运用灰色模糊综合评价法对洪涝灾害风险进行评价,得到洪涝灾害风险综合指数。然后,将综合指数归一化处理后作为权重引入疏散距离最小化和覆盖人口最大化的目标函数,结合最小化避难所数量,以最大服务范围、容量作为约束,构建引入洪涝灾害综合风险权重的多目标应急避难场所选址优化模型,并采用遗传算法对模型进行求解。最后,以武汉市作为实证研究对象验证模型的科学性和有效性。研究结果表明:在考虑洪涝灾害风险的情况下,应急避难场所选址方案可在接近最优解的情况下达到最优。研究结果可为城市防洪应急避难场所布局优化提供参考。 相似文献
35.
The humanitarian sector is increasingly aware of the role that good quality evidence plays in the underpinning of effective and accountable practice. This review addresses the need for reliable evidence by evaluating current knowledge about the intersection of two key outcome targets of post-disaster shelter response: supporting shelter self-recovery and building back safer. Evidence about post-disaster shelter programmes that aim to improve hazard resistance while supporting shelter self-recovery has been systematically analysed and evaluated. Technical support, especially training in safer construction techniques, was found to be a central programme feature, but the impact of this and other programme attributes on building safety was largely not ascertainable. Programme reports and studies lack sufficient detail, especially on the hazard resistance of repaired houses. Accounts of shelter programmes need to include more reliable reporting of key activities and assessment of outcomes, in order to contribute to the growing evidence base in this field. 相似文献
36.
37.
为建立科学、合理的化工园区应急避难点,通过对园区企业、园区空间布局等方面调研分析,从安全性、可达性、适宜性3个方面构建化工园区应急避难点选址评估指标体系;结合AHP和熵值法的组合赋权法,对指标权重进行赋权,并基于博弈论思想对权重实现差异最小化处理,计算出各指标贡献率;将模型应用于广东省某化工园区避难所的选址问题,并对该化工园区应急避难点选址进行综合评估,提出针对性的园区避难点选址措施。 相似文献
38.
39.
Gall M 《Disasters》2004,28(1):82-97
This paper, through spatial-analysis techniques, examines the accessibility of emergency shelters for vulnerable populations, and outlines the benefits of an extended and permanently established shelter network in central Mozambique. The raster-based modelling approach considers data on land cover, locations of accommodation centres in 2000, settlements and infrastructure. The shelter analysis is a two-step process determining access for vulnerable communities first, followed by a suitability analysis for additional emergency shelter sites. The results indicate the need for both retrofitting existing infrastructure (schools, health posts) to function as shelters during an emergency, and constructing new facilities - at best multi-purpose facilities that can serve as social infrastructure and shelter. Besides assessing the current situation in terms of availability and accessibility of emergency shelters, this paper provides an example of evaluating the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance without conventional mechanisms like food tonnage and number of beneficiaries. 相似文献
40.
基于有界数据包络分析(DEA)模型的应急避难场所效率评价 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
应用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,针对应急避难场所规划建设和运营维护两种情况,分别建立以建设成本和运营成本为输入指标,以服务性、可达性、安全性为输出指标的效率评价指标体系,并选择有界DEA模型,分层次对应急避难场所的投入产出效率进行评价。实证案例表明,临时和中长期避难场所比短期避难场所更容易获得较高的DEA效率;位于区域内部、交通便利的应急避难场所DEA效率较高;提高应急避难场所的综合利用水平,更有利于提高其DEA效率。 相似文献