Cyclone shelters and their locational suitability: an empirical analysis from coastal Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the poorest and the most disaster‐prone countries in Asia; it is important, therefore, to know how its disaster reduction strategies are organised and planned. Cyclone shelters comprise a widely acceptable form of infrastructural support for disaster management in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to analyse empirically their use during cyclones in a sample study area along the southwest coastal belt of the country. It shows how the location of a cyclone shelter can determine the social power structure in coastal Bangladesh. The results reveal that the establishment of cyclone shelters in the studied communities is determined by neither a right‐based nor a demand‐based planning approach; rather, their creation is dependent on the socio‐political affluence of local‐level decision‐makers. The paper goes on to demonstrate that socially vulnerable households (defined, for example, by income or housing conditions) are afforded disproportionately less access to cyclone shelters as compared to less socially vulnerable households.     

Formal and informal material aid following the 2010 Haiti earthquake as reported by camp dwellers

Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, more than two million people moved to temporary camps, most of which arose spontaneously in the days after the earthquake. This study focuses on the material assistance people in five Port‐au‐Prince camps reported receiving, noting the differences between assistance from formal aid agencies and from ‘informal’ sources such as family. Seven weeks after the earthquake, 32% of camp dwellers reported receiving no assistance whatsoever; 55% had received formal aid, typically a tent or tarpaulins; and 40% had received informal aid, usually in the form of cash transfers from family living abroad. While people were grateful for any material aid, cash was more frequently considered timely and more effective than aid‐in‐kind. Should this study be indicative of the greater displaced population, aid agencies should consider how they might make better use of cash transfers as an aid modality.     

城镇防灾避难场所规划研究

城镇防灾避难场所是城镇灾后应急避难、救援、恢复重建的重要组成部分,也是城镇平时功能的主要构成部分。首先按照应对灾害的主要类型,将避难场所分为气象型避难场所和地质型避难场所,相对应的为建筑型避难场所与场地型避难场所。继而与城市规划中的用地性质相关联,从防灾避难的角度将城镇用地划分为"靶区""防灾避难据点"与"防灾避难通道"。总结城镇防灾避难空间结构的组成要素、组构原则与组成方式,并以三种模式进行模型化构建。进而概括了城镇防灾避难场所的规划要点、规划内容与技术路线,并以深圳防灾避难场所规划加以佐证。得出了结论:防灾避难场所是城镇整体空间不可分割的一部分;城镇防灾避难空间规划应从城镇整体空间结构出发,合理规划防灾避难场所与防灾避难通道,优化用地功能与规模,提升城镇整体的防灾避难能力。     

露天采矿飏尘扩散防治用风障的模拟分析

基于某露天矿坑飏尘防治用风障工程,建立数学物理模型进行数值模拟探究风障（含人工风障和防护林带）对大型露天矿坑飏尘的防护效果。运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent并选取高雷诺数下k-ε模型用SIMPLE算法进行计算,得到风障周围的流场及压力场的分布,从而分析人工风障和防护林带后沿流水平距离变化时不同高度间相对风速的变化,得出位于人工风障后位置越低,防护效果越强,当y=0.2 h时,约为初始风速的50%,且当气流深入林带后其防护效果增强,在进入后水平距离4 h’时,相对风速约为初始风速的30%。     

Need for adaptation: transformation of temporary houses

Building permanent accommodation after a disaster takes time for reasons including the removal of debris, the lack of available land, and the procurement of resources. In the period in‐between, affected communities find shelter in different ways. Temporary houses or transitional shelters are used when families cannot return to their pre‐disaster homes and no other alternative can be provided. In practice, families stay in a standard interim solution for months or even years while trying to return to their routines. Consequently, they adapt their houses to meet their midterm needs. This study analysed temporary houses in Chile and Peru to illustrate how families modify them with or without external support. The paper underlines that guidance must be given on how to alter them safely and on how to incorporate the temporary solution into the permanent structure, because families adapt their houses whether or not they are so designed.     

Natural disasters and older US adults with disabilities: implications for evacuation

We analysed 2003 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA to produce estimates of the number of community dwelling people aged 65 years or older with a disability and requiring special equipment.(4) Approximately, 47,840 (31.6 per cent) older adults with a disability and 24,938 (16.6 per cent) older adults requiring the use of special equipment were community dwelling and might require assistance to evacuate or a shelter that could accommodate special equipment. Older adults who need special equipment were likely to be female, unmarried and white, and to rate their health as fair or poor. Personnel who plan and prepare for evacuations and temporary shelter during disasters need baseline information on the number of older adults with a disability or who require special equipment. A surveillance system, such as the BRFSS, gathers information that planners can use to prepare for and to deliver services.     

海洋大气环境对封套防护材料性能影响

目的 探究铝塑型封套防护材料在湿热海洋大气自然环境贮存条件下性能衰退规律。方法 通过优化铺层结构,采用SiO_x蒸镀双向拉伸聚酯膜作为外增强层,PA6共挤EVOH双向拉伸膜作为内增强层制备新型封套防护材料。在海洋大气环境试验站库内、棚下2种贮存条件下开展贮存试验,跟踪测试水蒸气透过率、氧气透过率、剥离力、拉断力和表面电阻率等关键性能,建立时间-性能影响曲线,同时记录材料内部湿度曲线和内置的金属圆片的锈蚀状态,以此评价海洋大气环境对铝塑型封套防护材料性能影响趋势。结果 在经过180 d的贮存后,水蒸气透过率仍小于0.3 g/(cm²·24 h),自研的新型封套防护材料在库内和棚下贮存环境下的阻湿能力分别提高了29.8%和31.5%,且剥离力和拉断力未发生明显降低,表面电阻率处于10⁹～10¹¹?。结论 通过降低水分子与外增强层分子的相互作用,可有效提高封套防护材料的阻隔能力,验证了多级防潮理念的科学性。     

钢丝绳隔振器及其在弹药方舱中的应用

钢丝绳隔振器是一种具有非线性特性和干摩擦阻尼的新型隔振器,可提高集装弹药储运过程中的力学防护能力。以钢丝绳隔振器为主体结构部件,设计了一种弹药方舱外装式缓冲防护结构。该结构可装设在方舱底部,能有效减少弹药运输过程中受到的振动冲击。     

某型装备保温舱铰链改造技术研究

目的解决某型装备保温舱通条铰链连接铆钉松脱、铰链变形、舱壁夹层渗水等问题。方法分析装备的结构特点和工作时铰链的受力情况,找出了问题产生的原因,提出改造技术措施和方案,并在此基础上开展挤压试验、开关厢盖试验、淋雨试验、650 km行驶试验等试验研究。结果结合装备整修对保温舱进行了改造,将保温舱由通条铰链改为合页铰链后,装备性能得到极大改善。结论通过改造消除了故障隐患,提高了装备的使用性能,满足部队的使用需求。     

基于Arcgis Server与ASP.Net Ajax的北京市应急避难场所信息管理平台设计与实现

北京作为＂国家首都、世界城市、文化名城和宜居城市＂,近两年加快了应急避难场所建设的步伐。针对北京市应急避难场所管理过程中存在的问题,在详细介绍ArcGIS Server的体系结构和内部运行机制的基础上,结合北京市应急避难场所的实际情况,开发了基于ASP.Net Ajax和Arcgis Server北京市应急避难场所信息管理平台。系统采用了Oracle数据库存储空间和业务数据,通过ArcSDE实现Arcgis Server和Oracle数据库的连接,实现了属性数据和空间数据的一体化存储。不仅有利于提供及时、直观、形象的应急避难场所属性信息和空间信息,同时在事故发生后抢险救灾、伤员疏散以及最大限度的减少事故损失方面起到了关键作用。