Buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulation over urban areas

In the buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulations (BTDAC) that occur over urban areas where the approach means wind speeds are very low (less than turbulent fluctuations and typically < 3 m/sec), the surface temperatures are significantly higher than those in the external rural areas, and the atmosphere above the mixing layer is stably stratified. In this paper, the mechanisms of BTDAC formation are studied through laboratory experiments and modelling, with additional low-level inflow from external rural areas and a divergent outflow in the opposite direction in the upper part of the mixed layer. Strong turbulent plumes in the central region mix the flow between lower and higher levels up to the inversion height. There are shear-driven turbulent eddies and weaker buoyant plumes around the periphery of the urban area. As the approach flow is very weak, the recirculating streamlines within the dome restrict the ventilation, and the dispersion of pollution emitted from sources below the inversion height leading to a rise in the mean concentration. Low-level air entrained from rural areas can, however, improve ventilation and lower this concentration. This trend can also be improved if the recirculating structure of the BTDAC flow pattern over urban areas breaks down as a result of the surface temperature distribution not being symmetrical, or as the approach wind speed increases to a level comparable with the mean velocity of circulation, or (except near the equator) the urban area is large enough that the Coriolis acceleration is significant.     

喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

为阐明喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳含量分布格局及其主要影响因素,采用野外布点采样、实验室测定相结合的方法,利用后寨河流域2755个详细调查的剖面信息,定量研究了土壤有机碳含量的分布特征,并利用主成分分析法分析了影响后寨河流域土壤有机碳含量的主要因子。结果表明,流域内土壤有机碳含量高、变异性强。流域表层土壤有机碳平均含量为25.07g/kg,变幅为1.61~119.11g/kg。全流域整个剖面土壤有机碳平均含量为20.71g/kg,土壤有机碳含量变异系数变幅为52.68%~75.28%,呈中等强度变异;流域土壤有机碳含量处于较高的水平,91.7%的样点表层土壤有机碳含量高于11.6g/kg;石砾含量与土壤有机碳含量性关系不显著,土壤有机碳含量与坡度、海拔、岩石裸露率均呈极显著正相关关系,与容重呈显著负相关关系;主成分分析结果表明,海拔、坡度、土壤类型是影响后寨河流域土壤有机碳分布的主导因子,在土壤有机碳储量估算时必须高度重视。     

中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究

文章主要研究中国小流域山洪灾害防御研究,利用文献调查法和综合分析法,分别从中国山洪灾害造成概况、特点与危害、诱因与影响因素、主要表现形式以及防御措施几个方面进行研究.结果表明:首先研究小流域山洪灾害的特点、影响因素及其诱因对于制定具有针对性的防御措施至关重要;其次科学合理的山洪灾害应对措施能够极大的降低山洪灾害造成的损失;最后制定科学合理的山洪灾害预案、恢复生态平衡、加强小流域综合治理是防御山洪灾害的有效途径.     

中小型企业员工不安全行为管理模式构建研究

为解决我国中小企业员工不安全行为管控难题,基于不安全行为管理的重要性,采用文献分析法、现场调研法,调查了绵阳市130余家中小型企业不安全行为管理现状,分析得出中小型企业不安全行为管理存在的问题。基于协同理论,研究了安全文化、BBS行为观察流程和杜邦安全训练观察计划3种不安全行为管理模式并对其要素进行组合优化,提出了适合我国中小型企业的不安全行为管理模式。结果表明:不安全行为协和管理模式有利于解决纠正员工不安全行为,提升员工安全作业水平。     

城市“热岛”的时空分布特征与盛夏防暑降温对策

从城市“热岛”形成的原因和时空分布的特征出发 ,探讨了夏季城市防暑降温所应该采取的措施。     

小曲率轿车覆盖件拉深模设计

在分析小曲率轿车覆盖件成形特点的基础上,指出采用阶梯拉深是提高材料塑性变形、减少回弹的有效措施,以一个典型零件前盖外板为例,设计了其拉深工艺补充面,并给出了有限元模拟结果以验证有效性。     

矿物溶解-结晶的反应动力学分析

系统地探讨了矿物溶解-结晶的反应动力学特征，分析了制约矿物溶解-结晶的几个关键因素，并就矿物溶解-结晶作用的反应动力学研究的发展前景进行了预测。     

Baseline options and greenhouse gas emission reduction of clean development mechanism project in urban solid waste management

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated. Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO₂/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO₂/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO₂/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C). Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential up to 730–900 kg CO₂/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone, southern Apennines, Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped 'reduction' spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction ( X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pre-tectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis ( X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction ( X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks. Key words Finite strain states · Compaction · Tectonic strain · Deformation gradient tensors · Deformation paths     

人工湿地在处理小城镇生活污水中的应用

目前，小城镇污水处理是中国急需解决的环境问题。通过介绍人工湿地的概念、类型、机理．并结合永川市某污水处理厂的运行效果得出人工湿地处理技术在处理小城镇生活污水中具有投资低、操作简单和运行费用低等优点，具有广阔的应用前景。该组合工艺对CODCr、BOO5、SS、NH3-N、TP处理效果进行了研究，对CODCr、BOD5、SS的去除率均在90％左右，对NH3-N、TP的去除率分别可达到83％和72％，表明人工湿地对N、P的去除效果较其他处理工艺要为显著。该人工湿地出水均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）第二类污染物最高允许排放浓度一级A类标准。